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REFERENCES Ashkenazi, V. 1986, Coordinate systems: how to get your position very precise and completely wrong: Journal of Navigation , Vol 39, no 2. Corbett, J. P. 1979, Topological principles in cartography, U.S. Bureau of the Census Technical Paper 48 Neukirchner, E.P. and Zechnall, W. 1986, Digital map databases for autonomous vehicle navigation systems, Position Location And Navigation Symposium (PLANS), IEEE Las Vegas, NV. Zavoli, W.B. and Honey, S. 1986, Map matching augmented dead reckoning, <strong>Proceedings</strong> of the 36th IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, Dallas, TX. 561
ON GIVING AND RECEIVING DIRECTIONS: CARTOGRAPHIC AND COGNITIVE ISSUES David M. Mark State University of New York at Buffalo Department of Geography Buffalo, New York 14260 ABSTRACT Analysis of 20 sets of navigation directions, prepared to accompany invitations to events, is used to examine both cartographic and cognitive issues related to intra-urban navigation. First, maps are more commonly used (18 of 20 examples) than are verbal-procedural instructions (7 of 19 cases), even when a common trip-origin can be assumed. It appears that correct street orientation (and a north-arrow) are highly desireable features of a navigation aid, whereas neither an absolute scale nor even correct relative scale is important. Landmarks were present on 14 of the 18 maps; these included traffic lights (7 maps), fast-food outlets and gas stations (5 each), supermarkets (4), and schools, shopping centers, and convenience stores (3 each). Impli cations of these results, both for automated in-car navi gation aids and for acquisition of spatial knowledge, are presented. INTRODUCTION When people give directions, they may draw maps, give verbal directions (printed or spoken), or use parts or copies of published maps (with or without annotation). The nature of direction-giving will differ, depending on whether the communication is in person or remote, one-way or two-way, written or aural, etc. This paper presents a general cognitive model for spatial learning, and the implications of that model for direction-giving and direction-following. Then, examples of directions (given on paper) intended to be used for navigation to novel destinations are analyzed. Finally, the work is placed in the context of designing computerized navigation aids for drivers, a topic of considerable interest to cartographers and the subject of sessions at recent Auto Carto meetings (Cooke, 1985; Streeter, 1985; White, 1985; Mark and McGranaghan, 1986). CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK The conceptual basis for this and related studies of direction-giving and way-finding lies in the new inter- discipline of cognitive science. Cognitive science is "a new and dynamic field that emerged from the unlikely marriage between cognitive psychology and computer science" (Couclelis, 1986, p. 2)i. In cognitive science, "cognitive functions such as problem-solving, pattern recognition, 562
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Proceedings Eighth International Sy
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1987 by the American Society for Ph
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A NOTE ON THE FUTURE OF AUTO-CARTO
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Algorithms for spatial search or qu
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Research into electronic maps and a
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Sandhu, Jatinder 403 Shea, K. Stuar
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integration of the findings on tech
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departments of municipalities are p
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systems, similar cost reduction in
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exist here: it is rarely possible t
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REFERENCES Chris man, N. and Nieman
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THE USER PROFILE FOR DIGITAL CARTOG
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second is to reduce all lines to a
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OVERLAY PROCESSING IN SPATIAL INFOR
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digital terrain models, or magnetic
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(2-dimensional) or volumes (3-dimen
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whereas the lattice induced by spat
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5.2 Overlay Operation One of the mo
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permit the determination of the len
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more about the quality of the avail
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of the user interface and would res
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FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF GEOGRAPHI
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of continuous space (the model of A
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look like is transmitted through th
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(Sullivan and others, 1985). On the
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PRESCRIPTIONS To carry out the prin
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AN ADAPTIVE METHODOLOGY FOR AUTOMAT
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They reorganize available space and
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Global Filtering Basics: This filte
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If the geometry is determined throu
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SYSTEMATIC SELECTION OF VERY IMPORT
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Improvements The first improvement
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RESULTS ANALYSIS There are two test
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Figure 4. A TIN generated from VIP
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only or the most important one. Unt
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terrain surface, may have in corres
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Advantages of determining the Media
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egards points, only the endpoints o
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contours some measures of size and
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MEASURING THE DIMENSION OF SURFACES
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dimension of an entity, is constant
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terrain. In order to avoid a sampli
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APPLICATIONS TO DIGITAL ELEVATION M
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1.20 1.16 • D I M 1.12 E N S 1.06
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Stability of Map Topology and Robus
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The 0-cells in the usual topologica
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Notice in Figure 1 that the interme
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Algorithm for computing robustness
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We may sum the forces by a straight
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and computational algorithms, which
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The geopositioning model presented
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It should be noted that only the fr
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While Voronoi polygons have often b
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additional vector rotation about th
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inconsistency. The problem stems fr
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Chain Intersection Determining chai
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node(6,[h(l8),t(l9),t(24),h(21)]).
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Sliver Removal. We remove a sliver
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Little, J.J. and Peucker, T.K. 1979
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measured control points. In this pa
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TEST RESULTS For testing the above
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A SPATIAL DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM F
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data by time period, by category, a
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BASIC version of the PLACE suite re
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procedural language. The classifier
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FIGURE 1: SOFTWARE COMPONENTS FOR S
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Realistic Flow Analysis Using a Sim
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TIN FORMAT VS. MATRIX FORMAT The pr
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One of the major challenges involve
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Because TINFLOW is a PC-based GIS,
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Art; I DitH ot twin 1.1610 Strew He
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RATIONALE Gridded surface data sets
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5. For each polygon, for each cell
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A mapping function was used to topo
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CONCLUSIONS This depression-finding
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Methods For spatial analusis The tw
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1. Sampling to determine the sample
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A simcle multiscale model . Instead
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Complex multiscale models. The one-
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Mandelbrot, B.B., 198E. The Fractal
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A number of authors have proved the
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Once having the Fourier-transf arm
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From the above listed aspects (2) i
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A considerably large number of labo
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Oliver,M.A., R.Webster (1936) Semi-
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model can be used as the basis for
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ts phase space by analogy to phase
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Figure 3. Classified 64 by 64 raste
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in the delimitation of domains in p
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Mark, D.M. and Aronson, P.B. 1984,
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To make decisions about this world,
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Limitations inherent to the modeliz
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operations delimiting rights to the
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Uncertainty absorption is very diff
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Minsky, M. L. 1965, Matter, Minds,
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data, covering extremely large area
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Figure 1. a) Test data set with, tr
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Figure 2. Four pyramids - line segm
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convenient to consider grids to be
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REFERENCES Davis, J.C., 1973, Stati
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the data element, in this case an a
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EXPERIENCE WITH R-TREES IN A CIS LA
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REFERENCES Guttman, A. 1984, R-Tree
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World Shoreline Vectors Shoreline v
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Table 4. Applications of gridded el
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classes desired for a given applica
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Table 6. The impact of block size o
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Jones, Christopher B. and Abraham,
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DISADVANTAGES OF A SINGLE COVERAGE
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faster and less complex than genera
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NOS detailed source data 20 meter r
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si '- /W^ ?f ? ( " ( I?
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REFERENCES Aronson P. and Morehouse
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with the purpose of optimizing geom
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purposes, the value 1/e may be thou
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V describing points/ / y/ B / /•*
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clarity, the number of describing p
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author wishes t
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INTRODUCTION In any application of
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7T 0 — 7T X Hay River Figure 1: A
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0 — 7T Alluvial fan contour Figur
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Peucker, 1973) can be used here; th
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Mark, D. M., 1985, Fundamental spat
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•©—e—©—e- Figure 1.1: Spl
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SLAU- 9/1000 Figure 1.5: Results of
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t-0 I.I 7.4 /.6 1.8 2.0 Figure 2.1:
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THE TIGER STRUCTURE Christine Kinne
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to another tail record. There are f
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Since records are fixed length, a n
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areal data is stored, but additiona
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KEY TO SUBFILE ABBREVIATIONS (CONTI
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TOPOLOGICAL ENTITIES Corbett's topo
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TOPOLOGICAL RULES The preceding def
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File and the new linear feature ref
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Encoding and Referencing (TIGER) Sy
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of the boundary are found and corre
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CONCLUSION The GTUB routines have b
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SELECTION OF EQUIPMENT The least ef
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operations. The site and staff for
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RESULTS Table one shows the numeric
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would no longer have to determine a
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THE DATA BASE ADVANTAGE Most of the
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SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS The major d
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the complexity o-f I/O processing.
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is on one and only one topological
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•features represented in the data
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intersection is -found -for this -f
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An easy implementation o-f spatial
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organisations most precious asset -
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no reason why we should not model t
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- A VERTEX identifies a unique spat
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to the organisation and indexing of
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the retrieval of data from the disp
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original goals, through design, and
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Contents and Queries Each geographi
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number of tables required. On the o
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generic, db-internal read/write/del
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we are guaranteed that each occurre
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The db bottlenecks we found were, f
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Bibliography [1] Date, C.J. 1983 -
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model is an object-oriented extensi
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SPECIALIZATIONS FOR SPATIAL DATA Th
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for each x in S, for each y in S if
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entity IMAGE PIXELS(IMAGE) - set of
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Orenstem, J.A. 1984, "A Class of Da
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understand the data model on which
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Internally, KGIS is implemented on
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AREA > 10; Spatial relationships be
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Once established, a GEOVIEW remains
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___________, 1985, THE USE OF SPATI
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• the cross sections, profiles an
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• Rigid and homogeneous ores can
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Borehole data \ Geologist's ^^ know
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Figure 3 : A Portion of the Ore Bod
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REFERENCES Baumgart, E.G. (1975) -
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This paper is organized into five s
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yields the resulting table: Poly* 1
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tightly bound to the map; there is
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A partial example of the relational
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REFERENCES Chrisman N. and Niemann,
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GEOGRAPHIC DATABASE TOPOLOGY SPATIA
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of a coordinate in n-space, usually
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Airport refines Aviation; — This
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THE dbmap SYSTEM Donald F. Cooke Ge
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procedurally, like Pascal, FORTRAN
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een lassoed (and line-segments in o
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Figure 4 Result of Lasso Operation
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The goal of a DSS is to help decisi
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chosen structure must provide a mea
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First, a general schema diagram is
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Hopkins, L.D., and Armstrong, M.P.
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******* DATABASE IDENTIFICATION AND
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Because of these limitations, furth
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cannot share the data. A minicomput
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Historically the whole orientation
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To reach the stated goal of this pa
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mapping techniques conceptualized a
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The future skill level, and trainin
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€6€ COMPUTER SCIENTIST ELECTRIC
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U* '^ OUTPUT \ / REVIEWIM. CORRECTI
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We may conceptually divide a VNA in
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most interest for transmitting navi
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necessary) in such a display. This
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ENHANCEMENT AND TESTING OF A MICROC
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make maximum use of the limited, lo
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I Text Display Window (Toggle On/Of
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as well, using the PLINK86 Plus ove
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AN INTEGRATED PC BASED CIS FOR INST
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RAW DATA INPUT DATA BASE MAPh ANALY
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Figure 3. Example of output from SH
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Figure 8. CONTOUR of elevation on v
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Figure 11. COLOR map on printer of
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IDRISI : A COLLECTIVE GEOGRAPHIC AN
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felt to be negligible compared to t
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Although the IDRISI system was prim
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data file, and a second backwards t
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TABLE 1 : IDRISI PROGRAM MODULES IN
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CLASSLESS CHOROPLETH MAPPING WITH M
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polygon. The process of selecting s
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There are a number of places where
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COMPUTER-ASSISTED TERRAIN ANALYSIS
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2. Input. A digitizing tablet to al
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terrain analysis data. Items 3. and
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Database Structure Currently, DMA-p
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RESULTS OF THE DANE COUNTY LAND REC
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E. G.
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section maps of tax parcels maintai
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Public Land Survey System (PLSS) co
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Sheets, Proc. ACSM, 1:153-161. Chri
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von Meyer, N.R. 1984b. Westport Ine
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While meeting the above criteria pr
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oundary line. An example of the sam
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Four groups of approximately thirty
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LEGEND MULTIPLE BOUNDARIES STATE, C
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TABLE 2 shows that more respondents
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What features are considered when d
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position is insignificant. Thus, th
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ASSESSING COMMUNITY VULNERABILITY T
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Yale University was selected for st
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distribution of hazardous materials
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»++ 0000000001000OCCCOOOOOOCOOOOCO
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44* 444 444 ICO 9 CO 9CO to CO ECO
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IMPROVEMENT OF GBF/DIME FILE COORDI
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Establishment of Control Points In
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transformation parameters for a par
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of using a fixed set of transformat
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vertex coordinates into exact corre
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Friedman, J., Baskett, F. and Shust
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and small freehold land. It does no
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The next step in the planning proce
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TSO on UNB's IBM 3090 mainframe com
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3. Kettela, E.G. 1975. Aerial spray
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The integration of developing techn
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and photographic processes are used
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Figure 4 EXAMPLE OF PUBLISHED FIRM
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EXAMPLE OF COMPUTER-GENERATED FIRM
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Federal Emergency Mana
Page 522 and 523: more detailed introduction to exper
Page 524 and 525: MAPEX is a rule-based system for au
Page 526 and 527: discrimination nets, Click et al (1
Page 528 and 529: example, FES (Goldberg et al, 1984.
Page 530 and 531: Pereira, L.M., P. Sabatier, and E.
Page 532 and 533: e flexible enough to address a wide
Page 534 and 535: intermediate hypotheses are "posted
Page 536 and 537: All cited rules become part of the
Page 538 and 539: The Geographic Information System L
Page 540 and 541: geographic knowledge system applies
Page 542 and 543: In view of this it is not suprising
Page 544 and 545: placement, the main area of cartogr
Page 546 and 547: EXPERT SYSTEM INTERFACE TO A GEOGRA
Page 548 and 549: ASPENEX automates the analysis of s
Page 550 and 551: Rule-Base Creation SYSTEM OPERATION
Page 552 and 553: the rulebase created by the aspen e
Page 554 and 555: AUTOMOBILE NAVIGATION IN THE PAST E
Page 556 and 557: oadside equipment to provide equipp
Page 558 and 559: algorithm and provides step-by-step
Page 560 and 561: DRIVER INPUTS • DESTINA1ION • R
Page 562 and 563: Vehicular Technology Conference, 35
Page 564 and 565: Map retrieval is also crucial to na
Page 566 and 567: elative coordinate accuracy is very
Page 568 and 569: destination does not require knowin
Page 570 and 571: PRESENTATION The extremes of styles
Page 574 and 575: decision-making, learning, and natu
Page 576 and 577: that these travellers felt that wri
Page 578 and 579: e weak, if present at all. Since ma
Page 580 and 581: Figure 2: An example of a distorted
Page 582 and 583: directions were produced in real ti
Page 584 and 585: Figure 1. Concept of an Automatic V
Page 586 and 587: AVL COMPONENTS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS
Page 588 and 589: OUTPUT FACILITIES V7MIC1Z «IflT KA
Page 590 and 591: need extensive customizing. This cu
Page 592 and 593: PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE WITH AVL 2000
Page 594 and 595: ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This research has b
Page 596 and 597: separate AVL system is needed (spec
Page 598 and 599: Sources Two plausible sources of a
Page 600 and 601: o t=z ATTRIBUTE RELATIONSHIP ENTITY
Page 602 and 603: (a) optimal route between the pair
Page 604 and 605: REFERENCES Cooke, D.F., Vehicle Nav
Page 606 and 607: THE BBC DOMESDAY SYSTEM: A NATION-W
Page 608 and 609: which are not commonplace: it permi
Page 610 and 611: Geochenrstrj Climate VNater fiature
Page 612 and 613: (ii) measure area and distance in m
Page 614 and 615: Rhind D.W. and Mounsey H.M. (1986).
Page 616 and 617: language expression. One of the mot
Page 618 and 619: This process begins from a position
Page 620 and 621: E(l(k)) be the expectation of I ( k
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There are several approaches to con
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In this paper we will discuss preml
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Table 2. Length of Sessions and The
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Table 5. Fuzzy Membership Values fo
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Table 7. Results of Zimraermann's M
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Chamberlain, D.D. and R.F. Boyce. 1
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ACCESSING LARGE SPATIAL DATA BASES
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WORKSTATION #2 1 - IBM-AT; 640K, 20
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RECORD 1 —— coordinates 1-256 f
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Future developments include the pol
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Once features of two coverages have
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Figure 3a Partial street network co
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Figure 3e Coverages aligned with 50
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Solving the Feature Matching Proble
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References Chen, Z. and A. Guevara,
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determined that a conversion of dra
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PAT GRP NUM 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
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various raster and vector operation
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Figure 4a - Portion of scan-digitiz
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the set of points. This will introd
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which represents the terrain by a t
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leaf for 4 and 5). Chen and Tobler
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fixed polynomial order for each run
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RESULTS As noted above, the program
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REFERENCES Chen, Z.-T., and Tobler,
Page 672 and 673:
Shortcomings in Existing Raster-to-
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Template design parameters are base
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RESULTS REPORT type RESULTS REPORT
Page 678 and 679:
Significance of the AFT Technology
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REFERENCES Antell, R.E. (1983), "Th
Page 682 and 683:
Grid systems do not permit vertical
Page 684 and 685:
SCHEMA structures an urban model ar
Page 686 and 687:
The second data structure regards t
Page 688 and 689:
The resulting polygon "hole" is the
Page 690 and 691:
REFERENCES Brassel, Kurt E., and Do
Page 692 and 693:
The link between these two bodies o
Page 694 and 695:
The same technique of Fourier analy
Page 696 and 697:
The similarities between this and t
Page 698 and 699:
In many respects, a terrain model c
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AN ALGORITHM FOR LOCATING , CANDIDA
Page 702 and 703:
The left and right boundaries of a
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limits. The overall problem of gene
Page 706 and 707:
To find the cluster limits, the sim
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next box. The entry (m = s) is ther
Page 710 and 711:
Figure 3.-Portion of test data set
Page 712 and 713:
PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE WITH A MAP LAB
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£ X lfk = 1 k=1,2,...,K. (1) i If
Page 716 and 717:
Deleted Labels The optimization alg
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Figure 2. Point Symbol Labels With
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AUTOMATIC RECOGNITION AND RESOLUTIO
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FUNCTION REQUIRED l)ls a point on a
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distance by finding the square root
Page 726 and 727:
Proportional Radial Enlargement As
Page 728 and 729:
distribution). If the thresholds ar
Page 730 and 731:
CALCULATING BISECTOR SKELETONS USIN
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Thiessen centroid than to any other
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there are exactlv n boundary skelet
Page 736 and 737:
AREA MATCHING IN RASTER MODE UPDATI
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THE AREA MATCHING PROCESS This proc
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defaults are made of very short seg
Page 742 and 743:
POLYGONIZATION AND TOPOLOGICAL EDIT
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If no label exists between the chai
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these internal (non-boundary) chain
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However, a cartographic database ne
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"WYSIWYG" MAP DIGITIZING: REAL TIME
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with tolerance circles such that it
Page 754 and 755:
CONCLUSION For many years a major i
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implementation methodology and the
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SPLIT SCREEN o o oo SIDE BY SIDE o
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determined applicability aided by s
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the 384 LPI resolution patch used t
Page 764 and 765:
TESTING A PROTOTYPE SPATIAL DATA EX
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2. An Overview of MAPS The MAPS spa
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containment tree can be used to eff
Page 770 and 771:
ROLE: BUILDING UNKNOWN MEDICAL CENT
Page 772 and 773:
and the segment direction within ea
Page 774:
seg : nodes: points south west: 20.
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