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Deleted Labels The optimization algorithm performs the majority of work required to resolve label overplotting, but many maps will benefit from interactive editing to complete the label placement process. One type of data required during an editing session is information about exactly which labels have been deleted in order to obtain a solution. Two obvi ous graphical methods for recording this information are available. Deleted labels may be written to a distinct graphic layer of the output picture file or to a digital copy of the original input from which all other labels have been removed. Writing the labels to a distinct layer on the output picture is most useful if the program user has access to a color graphic device. Since many users of our software work on monochrome terminals, we have chosen to write the deleted labels, along with their associated sym bols, to a second picture. Better solutions to the problem of handling deleted labels might involve the automatic creation of insert maps at a larger map scale or the display of all deleted labels in a table outside the map border. The labels in the table could be referenced to their true positions on the map by a special class of symbols used to replace those symbols corresponding to deleted labels. Implementation of either of these options would require much work. ADVANTAGES OF OPTIMIZATION APPROACH TO LABEL PLACEMENT Most previous algorithms designed to solve the point label placement problem have not made use of mathematical optimi zation algorithms, but there is nothing in the reported problem formulations which precludes the use of this type of solution. Combinatorial algorithms described in the literature of mathematical optimization make as much use of mathematical techniques as is practical; these include algorithms designed for business planning, transporation analysis, personnel assignment, the allocation of military resources, and many other applications. In each of these domains heuristic techniques are used only when math ematical techniques fail because mathematical techniques produce better solutions. We believe that computer pro grams based primarily on optimization algorithms will out perform algorithms based on heuristics or artificial intel ligence in this application as well. There are at least two other significant reasons to favor the use of mathematical optimization algorithms to place map labels. First, mathematical optimization algorithms are easily implemented in procedural languages. Although there has been much talk about object oriented languages such as LISP or PROLOGUE for cartographic applications, most mapping systems are still coded in languages such as FORTRAN or C. Because cartographic problems often are mathematical in structure, procedural languages will con tinue to be used for the implementation of many carto graphic programs. The program we have developed for map label placement is coded in FORTRAN 77. 705
Second, this type of algorithm has been proven using our computer program on many complex maps created by the oil and gas industry. To our knowledge, none of the other technigues previously presented in the cartographic liter ature as solutions to this problem have actually been used in production mapping. Figures 2 and 3 show label place ments before and after overplot resolution for a small map with 4-0 point symbol labels. Similar guality results have been obtained on much larger data sets. For example, prob lems with over 2100 point symbol labels and over 1600 label conflicts have been executed on a VAX 750 in less than 1 CPU hour. CONCLUSIONS The optimization model for map label placement provides a practical solution to an important problem in automated cartography. Its usefulness has been proven in the com pilation of maps with thousands of point feature labels and hundreds of label conflicts. There are several unresolved technical problems in the implementation of this type of algorithm. Research to com pare different ways of solving the optimization problem would be very useful. Also, better methods for displaying information about labels deleted from a map and methods to assist the interactive editing of the map created by this type of algorithm need to be investigated. REFERENCES Ann, 3. 1984. Automatic Map Name Placement System. Image Processing Laboratory Technical Report 063; Electrical, Computer, and Systems Engineer Department, Rensselaer Poly technic Institute, Troy, New York. Ahn, 3 . and Freeman, H. 1983. A Program for Automatic Name Placement. <strong>Proceedings</strong>, AUTO-CARTO VI, Vol. 2, pages 444- Basoglu, U. 1984. A New Approach to Automated Name Place ment Systems. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin-Madison, available through Univer sity Microfilms International. Chvatal, V. 1983. Linear Programming. W. H. Freeman and Company . Cromley, R.C., 1985. An LP Relaxation Procedure for Anno tating Point Features Using Interactive Graphics. Pro- ceedings, AUTO- CARTO VII, pages 127-132. Cromley, R.C. 1986. "A Spatial Allocation Analysis of the Point Annotation Problem," <strong>Proceedings</strong>, Second Inter national Symposium on Spatial Data Handling, pages 38-49. Held, M., Wolfe, P., and Crowder, H. 1974. Validation of Subgradient Optimization. Mathematical Programming, Vol 6, pages 62-88. 706
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Proceedings Eighth International Sy
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1987 by the American Society for Ph
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A NOTE ON THE FUTURE OF AUTO-CARTO
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Algorithms for spatial search or qu
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Research into electronic maps and a
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Sandhu, Jatinder 403 Shea, K. Stuar
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integration of the findings on tech
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departments of municipalities are p
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systems, similar cost reduction in
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exist here: it is rarely possible t
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REFERENCES Chris man, N. and Nieman
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THE USER PROFILE FOR DIGITAL CARTOG
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second is to reduce all lines to a
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OVERLAY PROCESSING IN SPATIAL INFOR
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digital terrain models, or magnetic
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(2-dimensional) or volumes (3-dimen
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whereas the lattice induced by spat
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5.2 Overlay Operation One of the mo
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permit the determination of the len
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more about the quality of the avail
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of the user interface and would res
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FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF GEOGRAPHI
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of continuous space (the model of A
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look like is transmitted through th
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(Sullivan and others, 1985). On the
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PRESCRIPTIONS To carry out the prin
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AN ADAPTIVE METHODOLOGY FOR AUTOMAT
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They reorganize available space and
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Global Filtering Basics: This filte
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If the geometry is determined throu
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SYSTEMATIC SELECTION OF VERY IMPORT
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Improvements The first improvement
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RESULTS ANALYSIS There are two test
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Figure 4. A TIN generated from VIP
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only or the most important one. Unt
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terrain surface, may have in corres
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Advantages of determining the Media
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egards points, only the endpoints o
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contours some measures of size and
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MEASURING THE DIMENSION OF SURFACES
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dimension of an entity, is constant
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terrain. In order to avoid a sampli
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APPLICATIONS TO DIGITAL ELEVATION M
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1.20 1.16 • D I M 1.12 E N S 1.06
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Stability of Map Topology and Robus
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The 0-cells in the usual topologica
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Notice in Figure 1 that the interme
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Algorithm for computing robustness
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We may sum the forces by a straight
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and computational algorithms, which
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The geopositioning model presented
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It should be noted that only the fr
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While Voronoi polygons have often b
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additional vector rotation about th
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inconsistency. The problem stems fr
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Chain Intersection Determining chai
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node(6,[h(l8),t(l9),t(24),h(21)]).
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Sliver Removal. We remove a sliver
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Little, J.J. and Peucker, T.K. 1979
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measured control points. In this pa
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TEST RESULTS For testing the above
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A SPATIAL DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM F
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data by time period, by category, a
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BASIC version of the PLACE suite re
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procedural language. The classifier
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FIGURE 1: SOFTWARE COMPONENTS FOR S
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Realistic Flow Analysis Using a Sim
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TIN FORMAT VS. MATRIX FORMAT The pr
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One of the major challenges involve
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Because TINFLOW is a PC-based GIS,
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Art; I DitH ot twin 1.1610 Strew He
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RATIONALE Gridded surface data sets
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5. For each polygon, for each cell
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A mapping function was used to topo
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CONCLUSIONS This depression-finding
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Methods For spatial analusis The tw
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1. Sampling to determine the sample
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A simcle multiscale model . Instead
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Complex multiscale models. The one-
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Mandelbrot, B.B., 198E. The Fractal
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A number of authors have proved the
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Once having the Fourier-transf arm
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From the above listed aspects (2) i
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A considerably large number of labo
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Oliver,M.A., R.Webster (1936) Semi-
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model can be used as the basis for
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ts phase space by analogy to phase
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Figure 3. Classified 64 by 64 raste
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in the delimitation of domains in p
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Mark, D.M. and Aronson, P.B. 1984,
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To make decisions about this world,
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Limitations inherent to the modeliz
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operations delimiting rights to the
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Uncertainty absorption is very diff
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Minsky, M. L. 1965, Matter, Minds,
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data, covering extremely large area
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Figure 1. a) Test data set with, tr
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Figure 2. Four pyramids - line segm
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convenient to consider grids to be
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REFERENCES Davis, J.C., 1973, Stati
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the data element, in this case an a
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EXPERIENCE WITH R-TREES IN A CIS LA
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REFERENCES Guttman, A. 1984, R-Tree
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World Shoreline Vectors Shoreline v
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Table 4. Applications of gridded el
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classes desired for a given applica
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Table 6. The impact of block size o
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Jones, Christopher B. and Abraham,
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DISADVANTAGES OF A SINGLE COVERAGE
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faster and less complex than genera
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NOS detailed source data 20 meter r
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si '- /W^ ?f ? ( " ( I?
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REFERENCES Aronson P. and Morehouse
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with the purpose of optimizing geom
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purposes, the value 1/e may be thou
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V describing points/ / y/ B / /•*
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clarity, the number of describing p
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author wishes t
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INTRODUCTION In any application of
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7T 0 — 7T X Hay River Figure 1: A
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0 — 7T Alluvial fan contour Figur
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Peucker, 1973) can be used here; th
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Mark, D. M., 1985, Fundamental spat
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•©—e—©—e- Figure 1.1: Spl
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SLAU- 9/1000 Figure 1.5: Results of
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t-0 I.I 7.4 /.6 1.8 2.0 Figure 2.1:
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THE TIGER STRUCTURE Christine Kinne
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to another tail record. There are f
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Since records are fixed length, a n
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areal data is stored, but additiona
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KEY TO SUBFILE ABBREVIATIONS (CONTI
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TOPOLOGICAL ENTITIES Corbett's topo
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TOPOLOGICAL RULES The preceding def
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File and the new linear feature ref
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Encoding and Referencing (TIGER) Sy
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of the boundary are found and corre
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CONCLUSION The GTUB routines have b
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SELECTION OF EQUIPMENT The least ef
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operations. The site and staff for
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RESULTS Table one shows the numeric
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would no longer have to determine a
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THE DATA BASE ADVANTAGE Most of the
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SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS The major d
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the complexity o-f I/O processing.
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is on one and only one topological
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•features represented in the data
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intersection is -found -for this -f
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An easy implementation o-f spatial
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organisations most precious asset -
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no reason why we should not model t
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- A VERTEX identifies a unique spat
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to the organisation and indexing of
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the retrieval of data from the disp
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original goals, through design, and
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Contents and Queries Each geographi
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number of tables required. On the o
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generic, db-internal read/write/del
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we are guaranteed that each occurre
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The db bottlenecks we found were, f
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Bibliography [1] Date, C.J. 1983 -
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model is an object-oriented extensi
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SPECIALIZATIONS FOR SPATIAL DATA Th
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for each x in S, for each y in S if
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entity IMAGE PIXELS(IMAGE) - set of
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Orenstem, J.A. 1984, "A Class of Da
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understand the data model on which
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Internally, KGIS is implemented on
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AREA > 10; Spatial relationships be
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Once established, a GEOVIEW remains
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___________, 1985, THE USE OF SPATI
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• the cross sections, profiles an
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• Rigid and homogeneous ores can
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Borehole data \ Geologist's ^^ know
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Figure 3 : A Portion of the Ore Bod
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REFERENCES Baumgart, E.G. (1975) -
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This paper is organized into five s
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yields the resulting table: Poly* 1
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tightly bound to the map; there is
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A partial example of the relational
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REFERENCES Chrisman N. and Niemann,
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GEOGRAPHIC DATABASE TOPOLOGY SPATIA
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of a coordinate in n-space, usually
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Airport refines Aviation; — This
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THE dbmap SYSTEM Donald F. Cooke Ge
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procedurally, like Pascal, FORTRAN
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een lassoed (and line-segments in o
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Figure 4 Result of Lasso Operation
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The goal of a DSS is to help decisi
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chosen structure must provide a mea
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First, a general schema diagram is
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Hopkins, L.D., and Armstrong, M.P.
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******* DATABASE IDENTIFICATION AND
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Because of these limitations, furth
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cannot share the data. A minicomput
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Historically the whole orientation
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To reach the stated goal of this pa
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mapping techniques conceptualized a
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The future skill level, and trainin
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€6€ COMPUTER SCIENTIST ELECTRIC
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U* '^ OUTPUT \ / REVIEWIM. CORRECTI
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We may conceptually divide a VNA in
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most interest for transmitting navi
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necessary) in such a display. This
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ENHANCEMENT AND TESTING OF A MICROC
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make maximum use of the limited, lo
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I Text Display Window (Toggle On/Of
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as well, using the PLINK86 Plus ove
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AN INTEGRATED PC BASED CIS FOR INST
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RAW DATA INPUT DATA BASE MAPh ANALY
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Figure 3. Example of output from SH
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Figure 8. CONTOUR of elevation on v
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Figure 11. COLOR map on printer of
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IDRISI : A COLLECTIVE GEOGRAPHIC AN
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felt to be negligible compared to t
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Although the IDRISI system was prim
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data file, and a second backwards t
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TABLE 1 : IDRISI PROGRAM MODULES IN
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CLASSLESS CHOROPLETH MAPPING WITH M
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polygon. The process of selecting s
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There are a number of places where
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COMPUTER-ASSISTED TERRAIN ANALYSIS
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2. Input. A digitizing tablet to al
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terrain analysis data. Items 3. and
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Database Structure Currently, DMA-p
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RESULTS OF THE DANE COUNTY LAND REC
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E. G.
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section maps of tax parcels maintai
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Public Land Survey System (PLSS) co
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Sheets, Proc. ACSM, 1:153-161. Chri
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von Meyer, N.R. 1984b. Westport Ine
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While meeting the above criteria pr
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oundary line. An example of the sam
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Four groups of approximately thirty
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LEGEND MULTIPLE BOUNDARIES STATE, C
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TABLE 2 shows that more respondents
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What features are considered when d
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position is insignificant. Thus, th
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ASSESSING COMMUNITY VULNERABILITY T
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Yale University was selected for st
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distribution of hazardous materials
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»++ 0000000001000OCCCOOOOOOCOOOOCO
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44* 444 444 ICO 9 CO 9CO to CO ECO
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IMPROVEMENT OF GBF/DIME FILE COORDI
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Establishment of Control Points In
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transformation parameters for a par
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of using a fixed set of transformat
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vertex coordinates into exact corre
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Friedman, J., Baskett, F. and Shust
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and small freehold land. It does no
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The next step in the planning proce
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TSO on UNB's IBM 3090 mainframe com
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3. Kettela, E.G. 1975. Aerial spray
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The integration of developing techn
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and photographic processes are used
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Figure 4 EXAMPLE OF PUBLISHED FIRM
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EXAMPLE OF COMPUTER-GENERATED FIRM
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Federal Emergency Mana
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more detailed introduction to exper
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MAPEX is a rule-based system for au
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discrimination nets, Click et al (1
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example, FES (Goldberg et al, 1984.
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Pereira, L.M., P. Sabatier, and E.
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e flexible enough to address a wide
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intermediate hypotheses are "posted
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All cited rules become part of the
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The Geographic Information System L
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geographic knowledge system applies
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In view of this it is not suprising
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placement, the main area of cartogr
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EXPERT SYSTEM INTERFACE TO A GEOGRA
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ASPENEX automates the analysis of s
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Rule-Base Creation SYSTEM OPERATION
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the rulebase created by the aspen e
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AUTOMOBILE NAVIGATION IN THE PAST E
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oadside equipment to provide equipp
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algorithm and provides step-by-step
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DRIVER INPUTS • DESTINA1ION • R
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Vehicular Technology Conference, 35
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Map retrieval is also crucial to na
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elative coordinate accuracy is very
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destination does not require knowin
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PRESENTATION The extremes of styles
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REFERENCES Ashkenazi, V. 1986, Coor
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decision-making, learning, and natu
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that these travellers felt that wri
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e weak, if present at all. Since ma
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Figure 2: An example of a distorted
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directions were produced in real ti
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Figure 1. Concept of an Automatic V
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AVL COMPONENTS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS
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OUTPUT FACILITIES V7MIC1Z «IflT KA
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need extensive customizing. This cu
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PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE WITH AVL 2000
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This research has b
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separate AVL system is needed (spec
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Sources Two plausible sources of a
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o t=z ATTRIBUTE RELATIONSHIP ENTITY
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(a) optimal route between the pair
Page 604 and 605:
REFERENCES Cooke, D.F., Vehicle Nav
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THE BBC DOMESDAY SYSTEM: A NATION-W
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which are not commonplace: it permi
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Geochenrstrj Climate VNater fiature
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(ii) measure area and distance in m
Page 614 and 615:
Rhind D.W. and Mounsey H.M. (1986).
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language expression. One of the mot
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This process begins from a position
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E(l(k)) be the expectation of I ( k
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There are several approaches to con
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In this paper we will discuss preml
Page 626 and 627:
Table 2. Length of Sessions and The
Page 628 and 629:
Table 5. Fuzzy Membership Values fo
Page 630 and 631:
Table 7. Results of Zimraermann's M
Page 632 and 633:
Chamberlain, D.D. and R.F. Boyce. 1
Page 634 and 635:
ACCESSING LARGE SPATIAL DATA BASES
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WORKSTATION #2 1 - IBM-AT; 640K, 20
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RECORD 1 —— coordinates 1-256 f
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Future developments include the pol
Page 642 and 643:
Once features of two coverages have
Page 644 and 645:
Figure 3a Partial street network co
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Figure 3e Coverages aligned with 50
Page 648 and 649:
Solving the Feature Matching Proble
Page 650 and 651:
References Chen, Z. and A. Guevara,
Page 652 and 653:
determined that a conversion of dra
Page 654 and 655:
PAT GRP NUM 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Page 656 and 657:
various raster and vector operation
Page 658 and 659:
Figure 4a - Portion of scan-digitiz
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the set of points. This will introd
Page 662 and 663:
which represents the terrain by a t
Page 664 and 665:
leaf for 4 and 5). Chen and Tobler
Page 666 and 667: fixed polynomial order for each run
Page 668 and 669: RESULTS As noted above, the program
Page 670 and 671: REFERENCES Chen, Z.-T., and Tobler,
Page 672 and 673: Shortcomings in Existing Raster-to-
Page 674 and 675: Template design parameters are base
Page 676 and 677: RESULTS REPORT type RESULTS REPORT
Page 678 and 679: Significance of the AFT Technology
Page 680 and 681: REFERENCES Antell, R.E. (1983), "Th
Page 682 and 683: Grid systems do not permit vertical
Page 684 and 685: SCHEMA structures an urban model ar
Page 686 and 687: The second data structure regards t
Page 688 and 689: The resulting polygon "hole" is the
Page 690 and 691: REFERENCES Brassel, Kurt E., and Do
Page 692 and 693: The link between these two bodies o
Page 694 and 695: The same technique of Fourier analy
Page 696 and 697: The similarities between this and t
Page 698 and 699: In many respects, a terrain model c
Page 700 and 701: AN ALGORITHM FOR LOCATING , CANDIDA
Page 702 and 703: The left and right boundaries of a
Page 704 and 705: limits. The overall problem of gene
Page 706 and 707: To find the cluster limits, the sim
Page 708 and 709: next box. The entry (m = s) is ther
Page 710 and 711: Figure 3.-Portion of test data set
Page 712 and 713: PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE WITH A MAP LAB
Page 714 and 715: £ X lfk = 1 k=1,2,...,K. (1) i If
Page 718 and 719: Figure 2. Point Symbol Labels With
Page 720 and 721: AUTOMATIC RECOGNITION AND RESOLUTIO
Page 722 and 723: FUNCTION REQUIRED l)ls a point on a
Page 724 and 725: distance by finding the square root
Page 726 and 727: Proportional Radial Enlargement As
Page 728 and 729: distribution). If the thresholds ar
Page 730 and 731: CALCULATING BISECTOR SKELETONS USIN
Page 732 and 733: Thiessen centroid than to any other
Page 734 and 735: there are exactlv n boundary skelet
Page 736 and 737: AREA MATCHING IN RASTER MODE UPDATI
Page 738 and 739: THE AREA MATCHING PROCESS This proc
Page 740 and 741: defaults are made of very short seg
Page 742 and 743: POLYGONIZATION AND TOPOLOGICAL EDIT
Page 744 and 745: If no label exists between the chai
Page 746 and 747: these internal (non-boundary) chain
Page 748 and 749: However, a cartographic database ne
Page 750 and 751: "WYSIWYG" MAP DIGITIZING: REAL TIME
Page 752 and 753: with tolerance circles such that it
Page 754 and 755: CONCLUSION For many years a major i
Page 756 and 757: implementation methodology and the
Page 758 and 759: SPLIT SCREEN o o oo SIDE BY SIDE o
Page 760 and 761: determined applicability aided by s
Page 762 and 763: the 384 LPI resolution patch used t
Page 764 and 765: TESTING A PROTOTYPE SPATIAL DATA EX
Page 766 and 767:
2. An Overview of MAPS The MAPS spa
Page 768 and 769:
containment tree can be used to eff
Page 770 and 771:
ROLE: BUILDING UNKNOWN MEDICAL CENT
Page 772 and 773:
and the segment direction within ea
Page 774:
seg : nodes: points south west: 20.
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