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<strong>Proceedings</strong> Eighth International Symposium on Computer-Assisted Cartography AUTO-CARTO 8 Baltimore, Maryland March 30 - April 2,1987 FOREWORD This volume contains the prepublished papers from the Eighth Inter national Symposium on Computer-Assisted Cartography. The printed papers serve the registrants and speakers during the meeting, but they also serve as a permanent record of the state of knowledge in 1987. This volume contains the overwhelming majority of the papers to be presented at AUTO-CARTO 8. Papers are ordered in the volume in the order of presentation during the week, allowing for the overlapping of concurrent sessions. The author index provides alternate access. The Director and Program Committee of AUTO-CARTO 8 are deeply grateful to each author and their support staff who made this volume possible. Without their effort, cooperation and attention to detail, the whole could not be assembled from so many parts. The papers presented in this volume and at the symposium were selected from a large pool of abstracts. The authors of all the 160 abstracts submitted deserve thanks, particularly those whose proposals were not selected. There is a difficult problem involved in selection of papers for an event as diverse as AUTO-CARTO 8. To some extent, all persons working in the field should have access to the forum to share their ideas. The conventions operated on that principle turn into massive concurrent programs with no coherence and espirit. Over the history of AUTO-CARTOs, there has been increasing attention to a review process to ensure a coherent focus at the event. The Director wishes to thank the members of the Program Committee and others colleagues who assisted in this task. As the papers arrived, the quality seems to equal the standards of any previous AUTO -CAR TO. Director Nicholas R. Chrisman Program Committee K. Eric Anderson Donald F. Cooke Kenneth J Dueker Robert W. Marx Thomas K. Poiker
A NOTE ON THE FUTURE OF AUTO-CARTO It is gratifying to produce this volume and look forward to the excitement of the symposium at Baltimore. AUTO-CARTO events have punctuated my career and the development of this field of endeavor. I am sure that a large number of long-established colleagues and new recruits will join in the intellectual challenge of the Baltimore event. The seventh symposium and this one have taken roost inside the overall structure of the ACSM-ASPRS Convention. As Director of this event, I wish to thank Mary Clawson, Director of the Convention, and her assistants for their cooperation, assistance and forebearance. The Directors of the Technical Programs of the two organizations, Tom Collins and Phil Mobley, have taken every opportunity to adjust their schedules to accomodate AUTO-CARTO 8. They have turned into close friends during the hectic events of the past year. Some colleagues question the wisdom of this association. Some even dream of AUTO-CARTO as a budding discipline which will eventually cut its ties with the old ways of doing business. This note is intended to refute that tendency. This symposium should not split off on its own. It generates a special intensity of interest and a high quality of discourse which must be used creatively to renew all of the disciplines that contribute. The Last AUTO-CARTO? At some point, there must be a last of this series. I personally do not want an honorary place on the podium of AUTO-CARTO 38 some sixty years from now. Long before then, the interest in a separate symposium on automation in cartography must wane. The core of AUTO-CARTO must become the main agenda of the whole convention. I am not sure when to stop the series, but I think it should occur when the whole convention has the sense of energy and the quality of presentations which have become standard at these symposia. AUTO-CARTO has become a key phrase evoked around the world, and shows the influence of these events. We must try to use the idea creatively instead of falling into the trap of running the symposium out of habit. Finally, these comments are strictly personal and do not reflect the considered judgement of the sponsoring organizations. The thoughts on future events should not receive undue attention compared to the event at Baltimore. Nicholas Chrisman Madison, Wisconsin 20 January 1986
Page 1 and 2: Proceedings Eighth International Sy
Page 3: 1987 by the American Society for Ph
Page 7 and 8: Algorithms for spatial search or qu
Page 9 and 10: Research into electronic maps and a
Page 11 and 12: Sandhu, Jatinder 403 Shea, K. Stuar
Page 13 and 14: integration of the findings on tech
Page 15 and 16: departments of municipalities are p
Page 17 and 18: systems, similar cost reduction in
Page 19 and 20: exist here: it is rarely possible t
Page 21 and 22: REFERENCES Chris man, N. and Nieman
Page 23 and 24: THE USER PROFILE FOR DIGITAL CARTOG
Page 25 and 26: second is to reduce all lines to a
Page 27 and 28: OVERLAY PROCESSING IN SPATIAL INFOR
Page 29 and 30: digital terrain models, or magnetic
Page 31 and 32: (2-dimensional) or volumes (3-dimen
Page 33 and 34: whereas the lattice induced by spat
Page 35 and 36: 5.2 Overlay Operation One of the mo
Page 37 and 38: permit the determination of the len
Page 39 and 40: more about the quality of the avail
Page 41 and 42: of the user interface and would res
Page 43 and 44: FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF GEOGRAPHI
Page 45 and 46: of continuous space (the model of A
Page 47 and 48: look like is transmitted through th
Page 49 and 50: (Sullivan and others, 1985). On the
Page 51 and 52: PRESCRIPTIONS To carry out the prin
Page 53 and 54: AN ADAPTIVE METHODOLOGY FOR AUTOMAT
Page 55 and 56:
They reorganize available space and
Page 57 and 58:
Global Filtering Basics: This filte
Page 59 and 60:
If the geometry is determined throu
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SYSTEMATIC SELECTION OF VERY IMPORT
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Improvements The first improvement
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RESULTS ANALYSIS There are two test
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Figure 4. A TIN generated from VIP
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only or the most important one. Unt
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terrain surface, may have in corres
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Advantages of determining the Media
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egards points, only the endpoints o
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contours some measures of size and
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MEASURING THE DIMENSION OF SURFACES
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dimension of an entity, is constant
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terrain. In order to avoid a sampli
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APPLICATIONS TO DIGITAL ELEVATION M
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1.20 1.16 • D I M 1.12 E N S 1.06
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Stability of Map Topology and Robus
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The 0-cells in the usual topologica
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Notice in Figure 1 that the interme
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Algorithm for computing robustness
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We may sum the forces by a straight
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and computational algorithms, which
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The geopositioning model presented
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It should be noted that only the fr
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While Voronoi polygons have often b
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additional vector rotation about th
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inconsistency. The problem stems fr
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Chain Intersection Determining chai
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node(6,[h(l8),t(l9),t(24),h(21)]).
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Sliver Removal. We remove a sliver
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Little, J.J. and Peucker, T.K. 1979
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measured control points. In this pa
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TEST RESULTS For testing the above
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A SPATIAL DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM F
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data by time period, by category, a
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BASIC version of the PLACE suite re
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procedural language. The classifier
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FIGURE 1: SOFTWARE COMPONENTS FOR S
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Realistic Flow Analysis Using a Sim
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Page 137 and 138:
Page 139 and 140:
Page 141 and 142:
TIN FORMAT VS. MATRIX FORMAT The pr
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One of the major challenges involve
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Because TINFLOW is a PC-based GIS,
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Art; I DitH ot twin 1.1610 Strew He
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RATIONALE Gridded surface data sets
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5. For each polygon, for each cell
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A mapping function was used to topo
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CONCLUSIONS This depression-finding
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Methods For spatial analusis The tw
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1. Sampling to determine the sample
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A simcle multiscale model . Instead
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Complex multiscale models. The one-
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Mandelbrot, B.B., 198E. The Fractal
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A number of authors have proved the
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Once having the Fourier-transf arm
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From the above listed aspects (2) i
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A considerably large number of labo
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Oliver,M.A., R.Webster (1936) Semi-
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model can be used as the basis for
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ts phase space by analogy to phase
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Figure 3. Classified 64 by 64 raste
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in the delimitation of domains in p
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Mark, D.M. and Aronson, P.B. 1984,
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To make decisions about this world,
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Limitations inherent to the modeliz
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operations delimiting rights to the
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Uncertainty absorption is very diff
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Minsky, M. L. 1965, Matter, Minds,
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data, covering extremely large area
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Figure 1. a) Test data set with, tr
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Figure 2. Four pyramids - line segm
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convenient to consider grids to be
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REFERENCES Davis, J.C., 1973, Stati
Page 207 and 208:
the data element, in this case an a
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EXPERIENCE WITH R-TREES IN A CIS LA
Page 211 and 212:
REFERENCES Guttman, A. 1984, R-Tree
Page 213 and 214:
World Shoreline Vectors Shoreline v
Page 215 and 216:
Table 4. Applications of gridded el
Page 217 and 218:
classes desired for a given applica
Page 219 and 220:
Table 6. The impact of block size o
Page 221 and 222:
Jones, Christopher B. and Abraham,
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DISADVANTAGES OF A SINGLE COVERAGE
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faster and less complex than genera
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NOS detailed source data 20 meter r
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si '- /W^ ?f ? ( " ( I?
Page 231 and 232:
REFERENCES Aronson P. and Morehouse
Page 233 and 234:
with the purpose of optimizing geom
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purposes, the value 1/e may be thou
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V describing points/ / y/ B / /•*
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clarity, the number of describing p
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author wishes t
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INTRODUCTION In any application of
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7T 0 — 7T X Hay River Figure 1: A
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0 — 7T Alluvial fan contour Figur
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Peucker, 1973) can be used here; th
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Mark, D. M., 1985, Fundamental spat
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•©—e—©—e- Figure 1.1: Spl
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SLAU- 9/1000 Figure 1.5: Results of
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t-0 I.I 7.4 /.6 1.8 2.0 Figure 2.1:
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THE TIGER STRUCTURE Christine Kinne
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to another tail record. There are f
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Since records are fixed length, a n
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areal data is stored, but additiona
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KEY TO SUBFILE ABBREVIATIONS (CONTI
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TOPOLOGICAL ENTITIES Corbett's topo
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TOPOLOGICAL RULES The preceding def
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File and the new linear feature ref
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Encoding and Referencing (TIGER) Sy
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of the boundary are found and corre
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CONCLUSION The GTUB routines have b
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SELECTION OF EQUIPMENT The least ef
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operations. The site and staff for
Page 286 and 287:
RESULTS Table one shows the numeric
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would no longer have to determine a
Page 290 and 291:
THE DATA BASE ADVANTAGE Most of the
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SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS The major d
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the complexity o-f I/O processing.
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is on one and only one topological
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•features represented in the data
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intersection is -found -for this -f
Page 302 and 303:
An easy implementation o-f spatial
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organisations most precious asset -
Page 306 and 307:
no reason why we should not model t
Page 308 and 309:
- A VERTEX identifies a unique spat
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to the organisation and indexing of
Page 312 and 313:
the retrieval of data from the disp
Page 314 and 315:
original goals, through design, and
Page 316 and 317:
Contents and Queries Each geographi
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number of tables required. On the o
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generic, db-internal read/write/del
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we are guaranteed that each occurre
Page 324 and 325:
The db bottlenecks we found were, f
Page 326 and 327:
Bibliography [1] Date, C.J. 1983 -
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model is an object-oriented extensi
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SPECIALIZATIONS FOR SPATIAL DATA Th
Page 332 and 333:
for each x in S, for each y in S if
Page 334 and 335:
entity IMAGE PIXELS(IMAGE) - set of
Page 336 and 337:
Orenstem, J.A. 1984, "A Class of Da
Page 338 and 339:
understand the data model on which
Page 340 and 341:
Internally, KGIS is implemented on
Page 342 and 343:
AREA > 10; Spatial relationships be
Page 344 and 345:
Once established, a GEOVIEW remains
Page 346 and 347:
___________, 1985, THE USE OF SPATI
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• the cross sections, profiles an
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• Rigid and homogeneous ores can
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Borehole data \ Geologist's ^^ know
Page 354 and 355:
Figure 3 : A Portion of the Ore Bod
Page 356 and 357:
REFERENCES Baumgart, E.G. (1975) -
Page 358 and 359:
This paper is organized into five s
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yields the resulting table: Poly* 1
Page 362 and 363:
tightly bound to the map; there is
Page 364 and 365:
A partial example of the relational
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REFERENCES Chrisman N. and Niemann,
Page 368 and 369:
GEOGRAPHIC DATABASE TOPOLOGY SPATIA
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of a coordinate in n-space, usually
Page 372 and 373:
Airport refines Aviation; — This
Page 374 and 375:
THE dbmap SYSTEM Donald F. Cooke Ge
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procedurally, like Pascal, FORTRAN
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een lassoed (and line-segments in o
Page 380 and 381:
Figure 4 Result of Lasso Operation
Page 382 and 383:
The goal of a DSS is to help decisi
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chosen structure must provide a mea
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First, a general schema diagram is
Page 388 and 389:
Hopkins, L.D., and Armstrong, M.P.
Page 390 and 391:
******* DATABASE IDENTIFICATION AND
Page 392 and 393:
Because of these limitations, furth
Page 394 and 395:
cannot share the data. A minicomput
Page 396 and 397:
Historically the whole orientation
Page 398 and 399:
To reach the stated goal of this pa
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mapping techniques conceptualized a
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The future skill level, and trainin
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€6€ COMPUTER SCIENTIST ELECTRIC
Page 406 and 407:
U* '^ OUTPUT \ / REVIEWIM. CORRECTI
Page 408 and 409:
We may conceptually divide a VNA in
Page 410 and 411:
most interest for transmitting navi
Page 412 and 413:
necessary) in such a display. This
Page 414 and 415:
ENHANCEMENT AND TESTING OF A MICROC
Page 416 and 417:
make maximum use of the limited, lo
Page 418 and 419:
I Text Display Window (Toggle On/Of
Page 420 and 421:
as well, using the PLINK86 Plus ove
Page 422 and 423:
AN INTEGRATED PC BASED CIS FOR INST
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RAW DATA INPUT DATA BASE MAPh ANALY
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Figure 3. Example of output from SH
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Figure 8. CONTOUR of elevation on v
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Figure 11. COLOR map on printer of
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IDRISI : A COLLECTIVE GEOGRAPHIC AN
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felt to be negligible compared to t
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Although the IDRISI system was prim
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data file, and a second backwards t
Page 440 and 441:
TABLE 1 : IDRISI PROGRAM MODULES IN
Page 442 and 443:
CLASSLESS CHOROPLETH MAPPING WITH M
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polygon. The process of selecting s
Page 446 and 447:
There are a number of places where
Page 448 and 449:
COMPUTER-ASSISTED TERRAIN ANALYSIS
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2. Input. A digitizing tablet to al
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terrain analysis data. Items 3. and
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Database Structure Currently, DMA-p
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RESULTS OF THE DANE COUNTY LAND REC
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E. G.
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section maps of tax parcels maintai
Page 462 and 463:
Public Land Survey System (PLSS) co
Page 464 and 465:
Sheets, Proc. ACSM, 1:153-161. Chri
Page 466 and 467:
von Meyer, N.R. 1984b. Westport Ine
Page 468 and 469:
While meeting the above criteria pr
Page 470 and 471:
oundary line. An example of the sam
Page 472 and 473:
Four groups of approximately thirty
Page 474 and 475:
LEGEND MULTIPLE BOUNDARIES STATE, C
Page 476 and 477:
TABLE 2 shows that more respondents
Page 478 and 479:
What features are considered when d
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position is insignificant. Thus, th
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ASSESSING COMMUNITY VULNERABILITY T
Page 484 and 485:
Yale University was selected for st
Page 486 and 487:
distribution of hazardous materials
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»++ 0000000001000OCCCOOOOOOCOOOOCO
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44* 444 444 ICO 9 CO 9CO to CO ECO
Page 492 and 493:
IMPROVEMENT OF GBF/DIME FILE COORDI
Page 494 and 495:
Establishment of Control Points In
Page 496 and 497:
transformation parameters for a par
Page 498 and 499:
of using a fixed set of transformat
Page 500 and 501:
vertex coordinates into exact corre
Page 502 and 503:
Friedman, J., Baskett, F. and Shust
Page 504 and 505:
and small freehold land. It does no
Page 506 and 507:
The next step in the planning proce
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TSO on UNB's IBM 3090 mainframe com
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3. Kettela, E.G. 1975. Aerial spray
Page 512 and 513:
The integration of developing techn
Page 514 and 515:
and photographic processes are used
Page 516 and 517:
Figure 4 EXAMPLE OF PUBLISHED FIRM
Page 518 and 519:
EXAMPLE OF COMPUTER-GENERATED FIRM
Page 520 and 521:
BIBLIOGRAPHY Federal Emergency Mana
Page 522 and 523:
more detailed introduction to exper
Page 524 and 525:
MAPEX is a rule-based system for au
Page 526 and 527:
discrimination nets, Click et al (1
Page 528 and 529:
example, FES (Goldberg et al, 1984.
Page 530 and 531:
Pereira, L.M., P. Sabatier, and E.
Page 532 and 533:
e flexible enough to address a wide
Page 534 and 535:
intermediate hypotheses are "posted
Page 536 and 537:
All cited rules become part of the
Page 538 and 539:
The Geographic Information System L
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geographic knowledge system applies
Page 542 and 543:
In view of this it is not suprising
Page 544 and 545:
placement, the main area of cartogr
Page 546 and 547:
EXPERT SYSTEM INTERFACE TO A GEOGRA
Page 548 and 549:
ASPENEX automates the analysis of s
Page 550 and 551:
Rule-Base Creation SYSTEM OPERATION
Page 552 and 553:
the rulebase created by the aspen e
Page 554 and 555:
AUTOMOBILE NAVIGATION IN THE PAST E
Page 556 and 557:
oadside equipment to provide equipp
Page 558 and 559:
algorithm and provides step-by-step
Page 560 and 561:
DRIVER INPUTS • DESTINA1ION • R
Page 562 and 563:
Vehicular Technology Conference, 35
Page 564 and 565:
Map retrieval is also crucial to na
Page 566 and 567:
elative coordinate accuracy is very
Page 568 and 569:
destination does not require knowin
Page 570 and 571:
PRESENTATION The extremes of styles
Page 572 and 573:
REFERENCES Ashkenazi, V. 1986, Coor
Page 574 and 575:
decision-making, learning, and natu
Page 576 and 577:
that these travellers felt that wri
Page 578 and 579:
e weak, if present at all. Since ma
Page 580 and 581:
Figure 2: An example of a distorted
Page 582 and 583:
directions were produced in real ti
Page 584 and 585:
Figure 1. Concept of an Automatic V
Page 586 and 587:
AVL COMPONENTS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS
Page 588 and 589:
OUTPUT FACILITIES V7MIC1Z «IflT KA
Page 590 and 591:
need extensive customizing. This cu
Page 592 and 593:
PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE WITH AVL 2000
Page 594 and 595:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This research has b
Page 596 and 597:
separate AVL system is needed (spec
Page 598 and 599:
Sources Two plausible sources of a
Page 600 and 601:
o t=z ATTRIBUTE RELATIONSHIP ENTITY
Page 602 and 603:
(a) optimal route between the pair
Page 604 and 605:
REFERENCES Cooke, D.F., Vehicle Nav
Page 606 and 607:
THE BBC DOMESDAY SYSTEM: A NATION-W
Page 608 and 609:
which are not commonplace: it permi
Page 610 and 611:
Geochenrstrj Climate VNater fiature
Page 612 and 613:
(ii) measure area and distance in m
Page 614 and 615:
Rhind D.W. and Mounsey H.M. (1986).
Page 616 and 617:
language expression. One of the mot
Page 618 and 619:
This process begins from a position
Page 620 and 621:
E(l(k)) be the expectation of I ( k
Page 622 and 623:
There are several approaches to con
Page 624 and 625:
In this paper we will discuss preml
Page 626 and 627:
Table 2. Length of Sessions and The
Page 628 and 629:
Table 5. Fuzzy Membership Values fo
Page 630 and 631:
Table 7. Results of Zimraermann's M
Page 632 and 633:
Chamberlain, D.D. and R.F. Boyce. 1
Page 634 and 635:
ACCESSING LARGE SPATIAL DATA BASES
Page 636 and 637:
WORKSTATION #2 1 - IBM-AT; 640K, 20
Page 638 and 639:
RECORD 1 —— coordinates 1-256 f
Page 640 and 641:
Future developments include the pol
Page 642 and 643:
Once features of two coverages have
Page 644 and 645:
Figure 3a Partial street network co
Page 646 and 647:
Figure 3e Coverages aligned with 50
Page 648 and 649:
Solving the Feature Matching Proble
Page 650 and 651:
References Chen, Z. and A. Guevara,
Page 652 and 653:
determined that a conversion of dra
Page 654 and 655:
PAT GRP NUM 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Page 656 and 657:
various raster and vector operation
Page 658 and 659:
Figure 4a - Portion of scan-digitiz
Page 660 and 661:
the set of points. This will introd
Page 662 and 663:
which represents the terrain by a t
Page 664 and 665:
leaf for 4 and 5). Chen and Tobler
Page 666 and 667:
fixed polynomial order for each run
Page 668 and 669:
RESULTS As noted above, the program
Page 670 and 671:
REFERENCES Chen, Z.-T., and Tobler,
Page 672 and 673:
Shortcomings in Existing Raster-to-
Page 674 and 675:
Template design parameters are base
Page 676 and 677:
RESULTS REPORT type RESULTS REPORT
Page 678 and 679:
Significance of the AFT Technology
Page 680 and 681:
REFERENCES Antell, R.E. (1983), "Th
Page 682 and 683:
Grid systems do not permit vertical
Page 684 and 685:
SCHEMA structures an urban model ar
Page 686 and 687:
The second data structure regards t
Page 688 and 689:
The resulting polygon "hole" is the
Page 690 and 691:
REFERENCES Brassel, Kurt E., and Do
Page 692 and 693:
The link between these two bodies o
Page 694 and 695:
The same technique of Fourier analy
Page 696 and 697:
The similarities between this and t
Page 698 and 699:
In many respects, a terrain model c
Page 700 and 701:
AN ALGORITHM FOR LOCATING , CANDIDA
Page 702 and 703:
The left and right boundaries of a
Page 704 and 705:
limits. The overall problem of gene
Page 706 and 707:
To find the cluster limits, the sim
Page 708 and 709:
next box. The entry (m = s) is ther
Page 710 and 711:
Figure 3.-Portion of test data set
Page 712 and 713:
PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE WITH A MAP LAB
Page 714 and 715:
£ X lfk = 1 k=1,2,...,K. (1) i If
Page 716 and 717:
Deleted Labels The optimization alg
Page 718 and 719:
Figure 2. Point Symbol Labels With
Page 720 and 721:
AUTOMATIC RECOGNITION AND RESOLUTIO
Page 722 and 723:
FUNCTION REQUIRED l)ls a point on a
Page 724 and 725:
distance by finding the square root
Page 726 and 727:
Proportional Radial Enlargement As
Page 728 and 729:
distribution). If the thresholds ar
Page 730 and 731:
CALCULATING BISECTOR SKELETONS USIN
Page 732 and 733:
Thiessen centroid than to any other
Page 734 and 735:
there are exactlv n boundary skelet
Page 736 and 737:
AREA MATCHING IN RASTER MODE UPDATI
Page 738 and 739:
THE AREA MATCHING PROCESS This proc
Page 740 and 741:
defaults are made of very short seg
Page 742 and 743:
POLYGONIZATION AND TOPOLOGICAL EDIT
Page 744 and 745:
If no label exists between the chai
Page 746 and 747:
these internal (non-boundary) chain
Page 748 and 749:
However, a cartographic database ne
Page 750 and 751:
"WYSIWYG" MAP DIGITIZING: REAL TIME
Page 752 and 753:
with tolerance circles such that it
Page 754 and 755:
CONCLUSION For many years a major i
Page 756 and 757:
implementation methodology and the
Page 758 and 759:
SPLIT SCREEN o o oo SIDE BY SIDE o
Page 760 and 761:
determined applicability aided by s
Page 762 and 763:
the 384 LPI resolution patch used t
Page 764 and 765:
TESTING A PROTOTYPE SPATIAL DATA EX
Page 766 and 767:
2. An Overview of MAPS The MAPS spa
Page 768 and 769:
containment tree can be used to eff
Page 770 and 771:
ROLE: BUILDING UNKNOWN MEDICAL CENT
Page 772 and 773:
and the segment direction within ea
Page 774:
seg : nodes: points south west: 20.
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