Proceedings

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Pereira, L.M., P. Sabatier, and E. de Oliveira. 198.2, (3RBJ_ ^ An Ex_p__ert, ^£_st_em f_o:r EjiyJL_r_onm ien_ta.l p ft.e_&o>ur_c_e Evaluation iiZ£2i£ll SîHZSi iLS.S.SHSJL6. » Rep-ort FC'T/DI-3/82 , Departmento de Inf ormatica , Universidade Nova de Lisbo-a. Pfefferkorn, C., D. Burr, D 1 . Harrises, B. Heckman,, C. Oresky, and 3. Rothermel. 1985, "ACES: A Cartographic Expert System," P£o_£e_e_diLn££ AutoCarto-7. Robinson, V.B. and Frank, A.U. 1985, "About Different Kinds of Uncertainty in Geographic Information System's,"' AutoGarto-7. Robinson, V.B., A.U. Frank, and M.A. Blaze. 1986a, "'Expert Systems Applied to Problems in Geographic Inf orm.atio'n Systems: Introduction, Review, and Prospects,,"' ôm;p_ute_r_s_j_ ^ » ( i n P r e s s ) Robinson, V.B., A.U. Frank, and M.A. Blaz.e. 1986b, "Introduction to Expert Systems for Land Information Systems," Jrnl Surv£y_3.ng Engi ne e r ing , T1'2'(2'>: 1 1 09 -11' 8. Robinson, V.B., A.U. Frank, and M.A. Blaze. 19'86c', "Expert Systems and Geographic Information Systems: Review and Prospects," Jrnl of Surv£yJLng En>£ inÊUi M > 1.12(2): 119'-1'30. Robinson, V.B., M.A. Blaze, and D. Thongs.. 1986d', "Representation and Acquisition of a Natural Language Relation for Spatial Information Retrieval," P_T££2£îH£^ 2nd Intern'1 Symp on Spatial Data Handling,, Seattle, WA . Robinson, V.B. and R.Ni. Wong. 1987, "Acquiring Approximate Representations of Some Spatial Relations," Pr^£j3ejy.n'£_s_ AutoCarto-8, in press. Robinson, G. and Jackson, M. 1985, "Expert Sys'temS; in Map Design," Pro_cêJ.in£_s of AUTOCARTO-7, 430-439- Shine, J.A. 1985, "Bayesian, Fuz.zy, Belief :• Which Logic Works Best ?," Pr.£_ceedin££ ASP, 676-679- Smith, T.R. and M. Pazner. 1984, "Knowledge-Based Control of Search and Learning in a Large-Scale GIS," Proceed. ings Int. Symp. on Spatial Data Handling, 2', 498-519'. Tanic, E. 1986, "Urban Planning and Artificial Intelligence: The URBYS System," C_on£u^t_er_&j_ E'nvi^^nmemt^ and Urban Sjr_stem^, 1 0 ( 3/4 ) , 1 35-1 46 . Weiss, S.M. and Kulikowski, C.A. 1984., A Practical Gu:Ld_e to_ Rowman and Allenheld, Totawa, NJ . Wu, P.Y.F. and W.R. Franklin. 1987, "Polygon Overlay in Prolog," Pr_o£_e£d_in£_s_ AutoCarto-8, in press. 519
THE EXPERT GEOGRAPHIC KNOWLEDGE SYSTEM APPLYING LOGICAL RULES TO GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION Kenneth D. Gardels Landscape Architecture Computer Applications Laboratory University of California Berkeley, California 94720 ABSTRACT The Expert Geographic Knowledge System (EGKS) represents the merger of techniques of computerized expert systems with those of geo-processing and database management. It involves the application of heuristic rules developed by experts in land management and related disciplines to the data within a geographic information system. EGKS construc tion must conform to rigorous design criteria to ensure that the system is capable of addressing the variations in the planning domain, that expert knowledge is accurately codi fied into rules reflecting its complexity and uncertainty, and that textual and graphic information is meaningfully communicated to the user. INTRODUCTION Environmental planning comprises the detailed information, rigorous analysis procedures, creative design and synthesis capability, and communication facilities necessary to under stand and manage the relationship between humans and their environment. Planning practice relies on the application of expertise by specialists and generalists to the environmen tal decision-making process. The application of expertise to geographic information is the underlying concept of the Expert Geographic Knowledge System (EGKS). The EGKS, using a computer and accessing large geographic and textual data bases, works in much the same way as the human expert. It applies logical rules stored in a knowledge base to the data in one or more geographic infor mation system databases and to a large textual data base (called a domain cyclopeadia) in order to provide textual answers to specific geographic inquiries. THE EGKS ARCHITECTURE The goal of the expert geographic knowledge system is to provide expertise to an environmental specialist, a planner, or other decision-maker on the subject of a site, event, or topic specific inquiry. The overall architecture reflects the relationship between typical planning issues and the codification of expert knowledge in a computerized form. A planning problem emphatically does not involve the deriva tion of a specific statement from a limited set of facts. The converse is true: the planner must synthesize a wide realm of knowledge, and isolate that which is necessary to make the decision at hand. Thus the expert computer system must selectively utilize all the information available to it to deduce the information the decision-maker needs. It must 520
Page 1 and 2:
Proceedings Eighth International Sy
Page 3 and 4:
1987 by the American Society for Ph
Page 5 and 6:
A NOTE ON THE FUTURE OF AUTO-CARTO
Page 7 and 8:
Algorithms for spatial search or qu
Page 9 and 10:
Research into electronic maps and a
Page 11 and 12:
Sandhu, Jatinder 403 Shea, K. Stuar
Page 13 and 14:
integration of the findings on tech
Page 15 and 16:
departments of municipalities are p
Page 17 and 18:
systems, similar cost reduction in
Page 19 and 20:
exist here: it is rarely possible t
Page 21 and 22:
REFERENCES Chris man, N. and Nieman
Page 23 and 24:
THE USER PROFILE FOR DIGITAL CARTOG
Page 25 and 26:
second is to reduce all lines to a
Page 27 and 28:
OVERLAY PROCESSING IN SPATIAL INFOR
Page 29 and 30:
digital terrain models, or magnetic
Page 31 and 32:
(2-dimensional) or volumes (3-dimen
Page 33 and 34:
whereas the lattice induced by spat
Page 35 and 36:
5.2 Overlay Operation One of the mo
Page 37 and 38:
permit the determination of the len
Page 39 and 40:
more about the quality of the avail
Page 41 and 42:
of the user interface and would res
Page 43 and 44:
FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF GEOGRAPHI
Page 45 and 46:
of continuous space (the model of A
Page 47 and 48:
look like is transmitted through th
Page 49 and 50:
(Sullivan and others, 1985). On the
Page 51 and 52:
PRESCRIPTIONS To carry out the prin
Page 53 and 54:
AN ADAPTIVE METHODOLOGY FOR AUTOMAT
Page 55 and 56:
They reorganize available space and
Page 57 and 58:
Global Filtering Basics: This filte
Page 59 and 60:
If the geometry is determined throu
Page 61 and 62:
SYSTEMATIC SELECTION OF VERY IMPORT
Page 63 and 64:
Improvements The first improvement
Page 65 and 66:
RESULTS ANALYSIS There are two test
Page 67 and 68:
Figure 4. A TIN generated from VIP
Page 69 and 70:
only or the most important one. Unt
Page 71 and 72:
terrain surface, may have in corres
Page 73 and 74:
Advantages of determining the Media
Page 75 and 76:
egards points, only the endpoints o
Page 77 and 78:
contours some measures of size and
Page 79 and 80:
MEASURING THE DIMENSION OF SURFACES
Page 81 and 82:
dimension of an entity, is constant
Page 83 and 84:
terrain. In order to avoid a sampli
Page 85 and 86:
APPLICATIONS TO DIGITAL ELEVATION M
Page 87 and 88:
1.20 1.16 • D I M 1.12 E N S 1.06
Page 89 and 90:
Stability of Map Topology and Robus
Page 91 and 92:
The 0-cells in the usual topologica
Page 93 and 94:
Notice in Figure 1 that the interme
Page 95 and 96:
Algorithm for computing robustness
Page 97 and 98:
We may sum the forces by a straight
Page 99 and 100:
and computational algorithms, which
Page 101 and 102:
The geopositioning model presented
Page 103 and 104:
It should be noted that only the fr
Page 105 and 106:
While Voronoi polygons have often b
Page 107 and 108:
additional vector rotation about th
Page 109 and 110:
inconsistency. The problem stems fr
Page 111 and 112:
Chain Intersection Determining chai
Page 113 and 114:
node(6,[h(l8),t(l9),t(24),h(21)]).
Page 115 and 116:
Sliver Removal. We remove a sliver
Page 117 and 118:
Little, J.J. and Peucker, T.K. 1979
Page 119 and 120:
measured control points. In this pa
Page 121 and 122:
TEST RESULTS For testing the above
Page 123 and 124:
A SPATIAL DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM F
Page 125 and 126:
data by time period, by category, a
Page 127 and 128:
BASIC version of the PLACE suite re
Page 129 and 130:
procedural language. The classifier
Page 131 and 132:
FIGURE 1: SOFTWARE COMPONENTS FOR S
Page 133 and 134:
Realistic Flow Analysis Using a Sim
Page 135 and 136:
Page 137 and 138:
Page 139 and 140:
Page 141 and 142:
TIN FORMAT VS. MATRIX FORMAT The pr
Page 143 and 144:
One of the major challenges involve
Page 145 and 146:
Because TINFLOW is a PC-based GIS,
Page 147 and 148:
Art; I DitH ot twin 1.1610 Strew He
Page 149 and 150:
RATIONALE Gridded surface data sets
Page 151 and 152:
5. For each polygon, for each cell
Page 153 and 154:
A mapping function was used to topo
Page 155 and 156:
CONCLUSIONS This depression-finding
Page 157 and 158:
Methods For spatial analusis The tw
Page 159 and 160:
1. Sampling to determine the sample
Page 161 and 162:
A simcle multiscale model . Instead
Page 163 and 164:
Complex multiscale models. The one-
Page 165 and 166:
Mandelbrot, B.B., 198E. The Fractal
Page 167 and 168:
A number of authors have proved the
Page 169 and 170:
Once having the Fourier-transf arm
Page 171 and 172:
From the above listed aspects (2) i
Page 173 and 174:
A considerably large number of labo
Page 175 and 176:
Oliver,M.A., R.Webster (1936) Semi-
Page 177 and 178:
model can be used as the basis for
Page 179 and 180:
ts phase space by analogy to phase
Page 181 and 182:
Figure 3. Classified 64 by 64 raste
Page 183 and 184:
in the delimitation of domains in p
Page 185 and 186:
Mark, D.M. and Aronson, P.B. 1984,
Page 187 and 188:
To make decisions about this world,
Page 189 and 190:
Limitations inherent to the modeliz
Page 191 and 192:
operations delimiting rights to the
Page 193 and 194:
Uncertainty absorption is very diff
Page 195 and 196:
Minsky, M. L. 1965, Matter, Minds,
Page 197 and 198:
data, covering extremely large area
Page 199 and 200:
Figure 1. a) Test data set with, tr
Page 201 and 202:
Figure 2. Four pyramids - line segm
Page 203 and 204:
convenient to consider grids to be
Page 205 and 206:
REFERENCES Davis, J.C., 1973, Stati
Page 207 and 208:
the data element, in this case an a
Page 209 and 210:
EXPERIENCE WITH R-TREES IN A CIS LA
Page 211 and 212:
REFERENCES Guttman, A. 1984, R-Tree
Page 213 and 214:
World Shoreline Vectors Shoreline v
Page 215 and 216:
Table 4. Applications of gridded el
Page 217 and 218:
classes desired for a given applica
Page 219 and 220:
Table 6. The impact of block size o
Page 221 and 222:
Jones, Christopher B. and Abraham,
Page 223 and 224:
DISADVANTAGES OF A SINGLE COVERAGE
Page 225 and 226:
faster and less complex than genera
Page 227 and 228:
NOS detailed source data 20 meter r
Page 229 and 230:
si '- /W^ ?f ? ( " ( I?
Page 231 and 232:
REFERENCES Aronson P. and Morehouse
Page 233 and 234:
with the purpose of optimizing geom
Page 235 and 236:
purposes, the value 1/e may be thou
Page 237 and 238:
V describing points/ / y/ B / /•*
Page 239 and 240:
clarity, the number of describing p
Page 241 and 242:
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author wishes t
Page 243 and 244:
INTRODUCTION In any application of
Page 245 and 246:
7T 0 — 7T X Hay River Figure 1: A
Page 247 and 248:
0 — 7T Alluvial fan contour Figur
Page 249 and 250:
Peucker, 1973) can be used here; th
Page 251 and 252:
Mark, D. M., 1985, Fundamental spat
Page 253 and 254:
•©—e—©—e- Figure 1.1: Spl
Page 255 and 256:
SLAU- 9/1000 Figure 1.5: Results of
Page 257 and 258:
t-0 I.I 7.4 /.6 1.8 2.0 Figure 2.1:
Page 260 and 261:
THE TIGER STRUCTURE Christine Kinne
Page 262 and 263:
to another tail record. There are f
Page 264 and 265:
Since records are fixed length, a n
Page 266 and 267:
areal data is stored, but additiona
Page 268 and 269:
KEY TO SUBFILE ABBREVIATIONS (CONTI
Page 270 and 271:
TOPOLOGICAL ENTITIES Corbett's topo
Page 272 and 273:
TOPOLOGICAL RULES The preceding def
Page 274 and 275:
File and the new linear feature ref
Page 276 and 277:
Encoding and Referencing (TIGER) Sy
Page 278 and 279:
of the boundary are found and corre
Page 280 and 281:
CONCLUSION The GTUB routines have b
Page 282 and 283:
SELECTION OF EQUIPMENT The least ef
Page 284 and 285:
operations. The site and staff for
Page 286 and 287:
RESULTS Table one shows the numeric
Page 288 and 289:
would no longer have to determine a
Page 290 and 291:
THE DATA BASE ADVANTAGE Most of the
Page 292 and 293:
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS The major d
Page 294 and 295:
the complexity o-f I/O processing.
Page 296 and 297:
is on one and only one topological
Page 298 and 299:
•features represented in the data
Page 300 and 301:
intersection is -found -for this -f
Page 302 and 303:
An easy implementation o-f spatial
Page 304 and 305:
organisations most precious asset -
Page 306 and 307:
no reason why we should not model t
Page 308 and 309:
- A VERTEX identifies a unique spat
Page 310 and 311:
to the organisation and indexing of
Page 312 and 313:
the retrieval of data from the disp
Page 314 and 315:
original goals, through design, and
Page 316 and 317:
Contents and Queries Each geographi
Page 318 and 319:
number of tables required. On the o
Page 320 and 321:
generic, db-internal read/write/del
Page 322 and 323:
we are guaranteed that each occurre
Page 324 and 325:
The db bottlenecks we found were, f
Page 326 and 327:
Bibliography [1] Date, C.J. 1983 -
Page 328 and 329:
model is an object-oriented extensi
Page 330 and 331:
SPECIALIZATIONS FOR SPATIAL DATA Th
Page 332 and 333:
for each x in S, for each y in S if
Page 334 and 335:
entity IMAGE PIXELS(IMAGE) - set of
Page 336 and 337:
Orenstem, J.A. 1984, "A Class of Da
Page 338 and 339:
understand the data model on which
Page 340 and 341:
Internally, KGIS is implemented on
Page 342 and 343:
AREA > 10; Spatial relationships be
Page 344 and 345:
Once established, a GEOVIEW remains
Page 346 and 347:
___________, 1985, THE USE OF SPATI
Page 348 and 349:
• the cross sections, profiles an
Page 350 and 351:
• Rigid and homogeneous ores can
Page 352 and 353:
Borehole data \ Geologist's ^^ know
Page 354 and 355:
Figure 3 : A Portion of the Ore Bod
Page 356 and 357:
REFERENCES Baumgart, E.G. (1975) -
Page 358 and 359:
This paper is organized into five s
Page 360 and 361:
yields the resulting table: Poly* 1
Page 362 and 363:
tightly bound to the map; there is
Page 364 and 365:
A partial example of the relational
Page 366 and 367:
REFERENCES Chrisman N. and Niemann,
Page 368 and 369:
GEOGRAPHIC DATABASE TOPOLOGY SPATIA
Page 370 and 371:
of a coordinate in n-space, usually
Page 372 and 373:
Airport refines Aviation; — This
Page 374 and 375:
THE dbmap SYSTEM Donald F. Cooke Ge
Page 376 and 377:
procedurally, like Pascal, FORTRAN
Page 378 and 379:
een lassoed (and line-segments in o
Page 380 and 381:
Figure 4 Result of Lasso Operation
Page 382 and 383:
The goal of a DSS is to help decisi
Page 384 and 385:
chosen structure must provide a mea
Page 386 and 387:
First, a general schema diagram is
Page 388 and 389:
Hopkins, L.D., and Armstrong, M.P.
Page 390 and 391:
******* DATABASE IDENTIFICATION AND
Page 392 and 393:
Because of these limitations, furth
Page 394 and 395:
cannot share the data. A minicomput
Page 396 and 397:
Historically the whole orientation
Page 398 and 399:
To reach the stated goal of this pa
Page 400 and 401:
mapping techniques conceptualized a
Page 402 and 403:
The future skill level, and trainin
Page 404 and 405:
€6€ COMPUTER SCIENTIST ELECTRIC
Page 406 and 407:
U* '^ OUTPUT \ / REVIEWIM. CORRECTI
Page 408 and 409:
We may conceptually divide a VNA in
Page 410 and 411:
most interest for transmitting navi
Page 412 and 413:
necessary) in such a display. This
Page 414 and 415:
ENHANCEMENT AND TESTING OF A MICROC
Page 416 and 417:
make maximum use of the limited, lo
Page 418 and 419:
I Text Display Window (Toggle On/Of
Page 420 and 421:
as well, using the PLINK86 Plus ove
Page 422 and 423:
AN INTEGRATED PC BASED CIS FOR INST
Page 424 and 425:
RAW DATA INPUT DATA BASE MAPh ANALY
Page 426 and 427:
Figure 3. Example of output from SH
Page 428 and 429:
Figure 8. CONTOUR of elevation on v
Page 430 and 431:
Figure 11. COLOR map on printer of
Page 432 and 433:
IDRISI : A COLLECTIVE GEOGRAPHIC AN
Page 434 and 435:
felt to be negligible compared to t
Page 436 and 437:
Although the IDRISI system was prim
Page 438 and 439:
data file, and a second backwards t
Page 440 and 441:
TABLE 1 : IDRISI PROGRAM MODULES IN
Page 442 and 443:
CLASSLESS CHOROPLETH MAPPING WITH M
Page 444 and 445:
polygon. The process of selecting s
Page 446 and 447:
There are a number of places where
Page 448 and 449:
COMPUTER-ASSISTED TERRAIN ANALYSIS
Page 450 and 451:
2. Input. A digitizing tablet to al
Page 452 and 453:
terrain analysis data. Items 3. and
Page 454 and 455:
Database Structure Currently, DMA-p
Page 456 and 457:
RESULTS OF THE DANE COUNTY LAND REC
Page 458 and 459:
E. G.
Page 460 and 461:
section maps of tax parcels maintai
Page 462 and 463:
Public Land Survey System (PLSS) co
Page 464 and 465:
Sheets, Proc. ACSM, 1:153-161. Chri
Page 466 and 467:
von Meyer, N.R. 1984b. Westport Ine
Page 468 and 469:
While meeting the above criteria pr
Page 470 and 471:
oundary line. An example of the sam
Page 472 and 473:
Four groups of approximately thirty
Page 474 and 475:
LEGEND MULTIPLE BOUNDARIES STATE, C
Page 476 and 477:
TABLE 2 shows that more respondents
Page 478 and 479:
What features are considered when d
Page 480 and 481: position is insignificant. Thus, th
Page 482 and 483: ASSESSING COMMUNITY VULNERABILITY T
Page 484 and 485: Yale University was selected for st
Page 486 and 487: distribution of hazardous materials
Page 488 and 489: »++ 0000000001000OCCCOOOOOOCOOOOCO
Page 490 and 491: 44* 444 444 ICO 9 CO 9CO to CO ECO
Page 492 and 493: IMPROVEMENT OF GBF/DIME FILE COORDI
Page 494 and 495: Establishment of Control Points In
Page 496 and 497: transformation parameters for a par
Page 498 and 499: of using a fixed set of transformat
Page 500 and 501: vertex coordinates into exact corre
Page 502 and 503: Friedman, J., Baskett, F. and Shust
Page 504 and 505: and small freehold land. It does no
Page 506 and 507: The next step in the planning proce
Page 508 and 509: TSO on UNB's IBM 3090 mainframe com
Page 510 and 511: 3. Kettela, E.G. 1975. Aerial spray
Page 512 and 513: The integration of developing techn
Page 514 and 515: and photographic processes are used
Page 516 and 517: Figure 4 EXAMPLE OF PUBLISHED FIRM
Page 518 and 519: EXAMPLE OF COMPUTER-GENERATED FIRM
Page 520 and 521: BIBLIOGRAPHY Federal Emergency Mana
Page 522 and 523: more detailed introduction to exper
Page 524 and 525: MAPEX is a rule-based system for au
Page 526 and 527: discrimination nets, Click et al (1
Page 528 and 529: example, FES (Goldberg et al, 1984.
Page 532 and 533: e flexible enough to address a wide
Page 534 and 535: intermediate hypotheses are "posted
Page 536 and 537: All cited rules become part of the
Page 538 and 539: The Geographic Information System L
Page 540 and 541: geographic knowledge system applies
Page 542 and 543: In view of this it is not suprising
Page 544 and 545: placement, the main area of cartogr
Page 546 and 547: EXPERT SYSTEM INTERFACE TO A GEOGRA
Page 548 and 549: ASPENEX automates the analysis of s
Page 550 and 551: Rule-Base Creation SYSTEM OPERATION
Page 552 and 553: the rulebase created by the aspen e
Page 554 and 555: AUTOMOBILE NAVIGATION IN THE PAST E
Page 556 and 557: oadside equipment to provide equipp
Page 558 and 559: algorithm and provides step-by-step
Page 560 and 561: DRIVER INPUTS • DESTINA1ION • R
Page 562 and 563: Vehicular Technology Conference, 35
Page 564 and 565: Map retrieval is also crucial to na
Page 566 and 567: elative coordinate accuracy is very
Page 568 and 569: destination does not require knowin
Page 570 and 571: PRESENTATION The extremes of styles
Page 572 and 573: REFERENCES Ashkenazi, V. 1986, Coor
Page 574 and 575: decision-making, learning, and natu
Page 576 and 577: that these travellers felt that wri
Page 578 and 579: e weak, if present at all. Since ma
Page 580 and 581:
Figure 2: An example of a distorted
Page 582 and 583:
directions were produced in real ti
Page 584 and 585:
Figure 1. Concept of an Automatic V
Page 586 and 587:
AVL COMPONENTS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS
Page 588 and 589:
OUTPUT FACILITIES V7MIC1Z «IflT KA
Page 590 and 591:
need extensive customizing. This cu
Page 592 and 593:
PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE WITH AVL 2000
Page 594 and 595:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This research has b
Page 596 and 597:
separate AVL system is needed (spec
Page 598 and 599:
Sources Two plausible sources of a
Page 600 and 601:
o t=z ATTRIBUTE RELATIONSHIP ENTITY
Page 602 and 603:
(a) optimal route between the pair
Page 604 and 605:
REFERENCES Cooke, D.F., Vehicle Nav
Page 606 and 607:
THE BBC DOMESDAY SYSTEM: A NATION-W
Page 608 and 609:
which are not commonplace: it permi
Page 610 and 611:
Geochenrstrj Climate VNater fiature
Page 612 and 613:
(ii) measure area and distance in m
Page 614 and 615:
Rhind D.W. and Mounsey H.M. (1986).
Page 616 and 617:
language expression. One of the mot
Page 618 and 619:
This process begins from a position
Page 620 and 621:
E(l(k)) be the expectation of I ( k
Page 622 and 623:
There are several approaches to con
Page 624 and 625:
In this paper we will discuss preml
Page 626 and 627:
Table 2. Length of Sessions and The
Page 628 and 629:
Table 5. Fuzzy Membership Values fo
Page 630 and 631:
Table 7. Results of Zimraermann's M
Page 632 and 633:
Chamberlain, D.D. and R.F. Boyce. 1
Page 634 and 635:
ACCESSING LARGE SPATIAL DATA BASES
Page 636 and 637:
WORKSTATION #2 1 - IBM-AT; 640K, 20
Page 638 and 639:
RECORD 1 —— coordinates 1-256 f
Page 640 and 641:
Future developments include the pol
Page 642 and 643:
Once features of two coverages have
Page 644 and 645:
Figure 3a Partial street network co
Page 646 and 647:
Figure 3e Coverages aligned with 50
Page 648 and 649:
Solving the Feature Matching Proble
Page 650 and 651:
References Chen, Z. and A. Guevara,
Page 652 and 653:
determined that a conversion of dra
Page 654 and 655:
PAT GRP NUM 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Page 656 and 657:
various raster and vector operation
Page 658 and 659:
Figure 4a - Portion of scan-digitiz
Page 660 and 661:
the set of points. This will introd
Page 662 and 663:
which represents the terrain by a t
Page 664 and 665:
leaf for 4 and 5). Chen and Tobler
Page 666 and 667:
fixed polynomial order for each run
Page 668 and 669:
RESULTS As noted above, the program
Page 670 and 671:
REFERENCES Chen, Z.-T., and Tobler,
Page 672 and 673:
Shortcomings in Existing Raster-to-
Page 674 and 675:
Template design parameters are base
Page 676 and 677:
RESULTS REPORT type RESULTS REPORT
Page 678 and 679:
Significance of the AFT Technology
Page 680 and 681:
REFERENCES Antell, R.E. (1983), "Th
Page 682 and 683:
Grid systems do not permit vertical
Page 684 and 685:
SCHEMA structures an urban model ar
Page 686 and 687:
The second data structure regards t
Page 688 and 689:
The resulting polygon "hole" is the
Page 690 and 691:
REFERENCES Brassel, Kurt E., and Do
Page 692 and 693:
The link between these two bodies o
Page 694 and 695:
The same technique of Fourier analy
Page 696 and 697:
The similarities between this and t
Page 698 and 699:
In many respects, a terrain model c
Page 700 and 701:
AN ALGORITHM FOR LOCATING , CANDIDA
Page 702 and 703:
The left and right boundaries of a
Page 704 and 705:
limits. The overall problem of gene
Page 706 and 707:
To find the cluster limits, the sim
Page 708 and 709:
next box. The entry (m = s) is ther
Page 710 and 711:
Figure 3.-Portion of test data set
Page 712 and 713:
PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE WITH A MAP LAB
Page 714 and 715:
£ X lfk = 1 k=1,2,...,K. (1) i If
Page 716 and 717:
Deleted Labels The optimization alg
Page 718 and 719:
Figure 2. Point Symbol Labels With
Page 720 and 721:
AUTOMATIC RECOGNITION AND RESOLUTIO
Page 722 and 723:
FUNCTION REQUIRED l)ls a point on a
Page 724 and 725:
distance by finding the square root
Page 726 and 727:
Proportional Radial Enlargement As
Page 728 and 729:
distribution). If the thresholds ar
Page 730 and 731:
CALCULATING BISECTOR SKELETONS USIN
Page 732 and 733:
Thiessen centroid than to any other
Page 734 and 735:
there are exactlv n boundary skelet
Page 736 and 737:
AREA MATCHING IN RASTER MODE UPDATI
Page 738 and 739:
THE AREA MATCHING PROCESS This proc
Page 740 and 741:
defaults are made of very short seg
Page 742 and 743:
POLYGONIZATION AND TOPOLOGICAL EDIT
Page 744 and 745:
If no label exists between the chai
Page 746 and 747:
these internal (non-boundary) chain
Page 748 and 749:
However, a cartographic database ne
Page 750 and 751:
"WYSIWYG" MAP DIGITIZING: REAL TIME
Page 752 and 753:
with tolerance circles such that it
Page 754 and 755:
CONCLUSION For many years a major i
Page 756 and 757:
implementation methodology and the
Page 758 and 759:
SPLIT SCREEN o o oo SIDE BY SIDE o
Page 760 and 761:
determined applicability aided by s
Page 762 and 763:
the 384 LPI resolution patch used t
Page 764 and 765:
TESTING A PROTOTYPE SPATIAL DATA EX
Page 766 and 767:
2. An Overview of MAPS The MAPS spa
Page 768 and 769:
containment tree can be used to eff
Page 770 and 771:
ROLE: BUILDING UNKNOWN MEDICAL CENT
Page 772 and 773:
and the segment direction within ea
Page 774:
seg : nodes: points south west: 20.
show all

Proceedings

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?