The Ginger Economy of Kerala - Dyuthi Home - Cochin University of ...

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Chapter One Introduction Ginger, the rhizome or the underground modified stem of the plant' Zingiber Officinale Roscoe' of' Zingiberaceae' family, is an important commercial spice crop grown from very ancient times in India. It is one of the earliest oriental spices known to Europe and is still in large demand. In U.S.A., Canada, U.K. and other western countries, ginger is widely used in baking industry, meat processing industry and soft drink manufacturing industry besides cooking. Ginger, preserved in brine is most popular in Japan. Drinking ginger coffee is a deep rooted social custom in many West Asian countries. Apart from the encour aging prospects of ginger demand, the demand for its products like ginger oil and oleoresin is building up day by day. Kerala has a number of processing units producing ginger oil and oleo resin. A large portion of these products is used for export and the remaining portion goes to beverage and pharmaceutical industries. 1.1. A Brief History of Ginger Ginger has been used as a spice and medicine in India and China since ancient times. Its place of origin has not been established with conformity but 1
Indo-China region is supposed to be the home of this unique spice. Excava tions in the Indus Valley reveal that herbs and spices had been used even before about 1000 B.C. Various spices such as cardamom, ginger, black pepper and mustard seed were included in the ancient herbal medicines, prescribed to remove fat and to cure urinary complaints, piles and jaundice (Rosengarten 24). The antiquity of its use in India is suggested by the fact that the living plant and dried rhizome are known by different names. According to the historical records of Hoffman, ginger was certainly known to and highly esteemed by, the ancient Greeks and Romans who ob tained the spices from Arabian traders (Gunther 106). Greeks and Romans considered it as an Arabian product because they got it via Red Sea. Some historians have recorded that the Prophet Mohammed had once relished a piece of sweet meat flavoured with ginger and had explained that the gift came from India (Ummer 36). The name Zingiber seems to be derived from Sanskrit 'Sanjabil' through the Arabic' Zanzabil' (Ridely 391). Rosengarten records that ginger was mentioned by the Chinese philoso pher Confucius (551-479 B.C.) in his Ana/ecls. The Greek physician and author Discorides frequently referred to ginger in De Materia Medica, and described its warming effect on the stomach and its efficiency as an aid to digestion and an antidote to poisons (Rosengarten 257). Ginger was men tioned in the Koran. Reference to its alleged aphrodisiac properties is made in the Thousand and Onc Nights (Purseglove et al. 448). MaTco Polo during his travels, 1271-97, saw the plant in China, Sumatra and Malabar. The ginger 2
Page 1: THE GINGER ECONOMY OF KERALA Thesis
Page 4 and 5: List of Tables Table No. TItle Page
Page 6: Table No. TItle Page No. 6.3 Monthl
Page 9: Chapter One Introduction
Page 13 and 14: As the rhizomes of ginger are very
Page 15 and 16: oil contributing the aroma and the
Page 17 and 18: Kerala is the leading producing sta
Page 19 and 20: Ginger is a traditional item of the
Page 21 and 22: District Malappuram Kozhikode Wynad
Page 23 and 24: 1.5 Objectives of the Study The maj
Page 25 and 26: sample of 30 farmers were selected.
Page 27 and 28: Cost of cultivation of ginger in Wy
Page 29 and 30: India and Kerata, presents the rese
Page 31 and 32: Cbapter Two Review of Literature Th
Page 33 and 34: George and Velappan throw light on
Page 35 and 36: pr.emacy in the manufacture and exp
Page 37 and 38: pepper, cardamom, coconut, arecanut
Page 39 and 40: United States. H. Singh brings out
Page 41 and 42: tion a price policy for an individu
Page 43 and 44: teristic be quantified and incorpor
Page 45 and 46: study reveals that the higher expec
Page 48 and 49: consumer's rupee of agricuJtural co
Page 50 and 51: Chapter Three Trends in Area, Produ
Page 52 and 53: Table 3.1 Area, Production and Yiel
Page 54 and 55: Year 1990-91 1991-92 1992-93 1993-9
Page 57 and 58: Table 3.3 Area, Production and Yiel
Page 59 and 60: Year 1990-91 1991-92 1992-93 ]993-9
Page 62 and 63:
.. 000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 100
Page 64 and 65:
Table 3.4 Area Under Ginger in Majo
Page 66 and 67:
Table 3.5 Production of Ginger in M
Page 68 and 69:
Table 3.6 Yield per hectare of Ging
Page 70:
For comparison, the compound growth
Page 73:
Year 1982-83 1983-84 1984-85 1985-8
Page 76 and 77:
district. The area under pineapple
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Chapter Four Acreage Response
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the anticipated returns from differ
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egion to another, no unique hypothe
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of area and actual area under the c
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Table 4.1 Results of Acreage Respon
Page 89:
Lagged values of price and area thu
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district two crops are reported as
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Thus, in Ernakulam district current
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Chapter Five Cost of Cultivation Da
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Table 5.1 Nature of Ginger Cultivat
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Ginger requires a well drained soil
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nation and to prevent washing off s
Page 104:
Table 5.3 Distribution of Ginger Fa
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60% of farmers in both districts de
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are cultivating ginger as an interc
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Table 5.7 Cost of Cultivation of Gi
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Table 5.8 Components of Cost of Cul
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COMPONENTS OF COST OF CULTIVATION O
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more or less same in two districts,
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Table 5.11 Number of Sampled Farmer
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trict over another on all these asp
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Chapter Six l\:larketing The develo
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112 For a greatly populous developi
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marketing practices followed in the
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6.6. Processing of Ginger Processin
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6.7.1. Storage of Seed Rhizome Ging
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121 The wastage in storage of fresh
Page 137:
6.10. Grading 123 In order to gain
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Marketing Channels of Fresh Ginger.
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Year Apr. May June July Aug. Sept.
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136 Generally, the ginger prices ar
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ments as well (Moore, Johl and Khus
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available to make good approximatio
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Table 6.5 Shares of Marketing Cost
Page 161:
6.13.6. Price Spread of Fresh Ginge
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150 The farmers and traders report
Page 167 and 168:
Tabel 6.9 Shares of Marketing Cost
Page 170 and 171:
6.14.4. Price Spread of Pineapple 1
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Table 6.11 Shares of Marketing Cost
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price spread. 160 The marketing pat
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world. Chapter Seven Ginger Export
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exporters for the purchase of Gas C
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exporters through a foreign trade e
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'ungarbled' and the grades have bee
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Year 1964-65 1965-66 1966-67 1967-6
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GINGER EXPORT FROM INDIA - QUANTITY
Page 189 and 190:
Table 7.2 Compound Growth Rates of
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176 The export growth of ginger oil
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Table 7.5 Compound Growth Rates of
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Table 7.6 Share of Ginger in the Sp
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Year 1993-94 1994-95 1995-96(P) (P)
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Table 7.7 World Export of Ginger an
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Year Indian Chinese 1989-90 78.94 7
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1995-96 Quantity Value 1993-94 1994
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COMPOSITION OF EXPORT OF GINGER FRO
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Table 7.10 Zone-wise Export of Ging
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contributed by West Asia. In 1991-9
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1992-93 1993-94 1994-95 1995-96 (P)
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7.S. Relation between Domestic and
Page 215:
Year 1992-93 1993-94 1994-95 1995-9
Page 218 and 219:
Table 7.13 Mac Bean Index of Instab
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205 The estimated regression equati
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208 produced in other states are co
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210 three decades, world trade in g
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Chapter Eight Problems of Ginger Cu
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Table 8.1 Problems of inputs Proble
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215 eties like 'Suprabha', 'Suruchi
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S.2. Marketing problems 217 In the
Page 235 and 236:
8.2.3. Price Fluctuations 219 There
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8.3.1. Credit 221 Non-availability
Page 239 and 240:
Chapter Nine Summary of Findings an
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224 2.18% per annum. Orissa stands
Page 243 and 244:
226 (iii) Cost of cultivation of al
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228 practices, instability of price
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(i) Non-availability of fertile lan
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232 (ix) Attention should be paid t
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Branson, R.E, and D.G. Norvel!. Int
Page 253 and 254:
Jakhade, VM, and N.A Majumdar. "Res
Page 255 and 256:
Lakshmanchar, M. S. "Marketing of G
Page 257 and 258:
281 "The Dynamics of Supply Retrosp
Page 259 and 260:
Reddy, Nakula. "Farm Supply Respons
Page 261 and 262:
Sreekumar, B, V Haridasan, and P Ra
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