The Ginger Economy of Kerala - Dyuthi Home - Cochin University of ...

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Indian ginger is facing stiff competition from China. Thampi observes the competitive position of Indian ginger in world market. The cutting of price by the Chinese traders has resulted in principal buyers like the United States shifting to that country. P. George examines the proposition that increased labour cost is re sponsible for reduced profitability of agriculture in Kerala. The findings reveal that the percentage increase in labour cost per hectare in 1984-85 over the 1980-8 I cost is less than the percentage increase in output value per hctare during the same period for paddy, coconut, tapioca, arecanut and ginger. Purseglove et a1. examines history, cultivation practices, factors influ encing quality and characteristics of ginger in different countries. Jamaican dried ginger is generally considered superior to those from other sources owing to its good appearance and to its delicate aroma and flavour. Nigerian dried ginger resembles Jamaican ginger in aroma and flavour but it is of a lower quality and it is in much demand for oil distillation and oleoresin extraction. Sierra Leone dried ginger bears more resemblance to the Indian spice than that from Jamaica. The quality of Australian dried ginger is generally considered to be intermediate between those of Jamaica and Sierra Leone. China is best known as a supplier of preserved ginger. Bisen and Barholia suggest improved cultivation practices for ginger. The most suitable soil for ginger cultivation is sandy loams having good drain age and rich in humus content. Good tillage is essential for bumper harvest. Paul observes that India, the 'home of spices' has established its su- 24
pr.emacy in the manufacture and export of spices oils and oleoresins. Indian oleoresin industry is competing with manufactures in the developed countries. Sharma, Oberoi and Moorti estimate the cost and returns of ginger production in Himachal Pradesh. They conducted the analysis for the two major vegetable growing blocks of Kangra district. They find that the gross return and net returns per hectare from ginger considerably decrease with the increase in the size of farms. It is due to better management and input use per hectare on small farms than large farms. Andrews is of the opinion that the availability of exportable variety of ginger has always been a problem. On the other hand, domestic consumption is also rising because of its popularity in culinary preparations and increased applications in medicine, confectioneries and nonalcoholic beverages. Balakrishnan reports that ginger from the states of North East faces a problem of high fibre content. This is mainly on account of the fact that this zone receives continuous rainfall and there is lack of enough sunshine which prevents the ginger from getting completely dried. This variety of ginger is normally not finding any markets either with in the country or outside both in the fresh form and dried form. Khan in his study for the period 1970-71 to 1986-87 analyses the trends in area, production and productivity of ginger in the country as a whole and state-wise. Meghalaya stands first in maintaining higher level of productivity and the average yield per hectare is the lowest in Orissa. Raveendran and Aiyaswamy attempt to study the factors influencing the 25
Page 1: THE GINGER ECONOMY OF KERALA Thesis
Page 4 and 5: List of Tables Table No. TItle Page
Page 6: Table No. TItle Page No. 6.3 Monthl
Page 9 and 10: Chapter One Introduction
Page 11 and 12: Indo-China region is supposed to be
Page 13 and 14: As the rhizomes of ginger are very
Page 15 and 16: oil contributing the aroma and the
Page 17 and 18: Kerala is the leading producing sta
Page 19 and 20: Ginger is a traditional item of the
Page 21 and 22: District Malappuram Kozhikode Wynad
Page 23 and 24: 1.5 Objectives of the Study The maj
Page 25 and 26: sample of 30 farmers were selected.
Page 27 and 28: Cost of cultivation of ginger in Wy
Page 29 and 30: India and Kerata, presents the rese
Page 31 and 32: Cbapter Two Review of Literature Th
Page 33: George and Velappan throw light on
Page 37 and 38: pepper, cardamom, coconut, arecanut
Page 39 and 40: United States. H. Singh brings out
Page 41 and 42: tion a price policy for an individu
Page 43 and 44: teristic be quantified and incorpor
Page 45 and 46: study reveals that the higher expec
Page 48 and 49: consumer's rupee of agricuJtural co
Page 50 and 51: Chapter Three Trends in Area, Produ
Page 52 and 53: Table 3.1 Area, Production and Yiel
Page 54 and 55: Year 1990-91 1991-92 1992-93 1993-9
Page 57 and 58: Table 3.3 Area, Production and Yiel
Page 59 and 60: Year 1990-91 1991-92 1992-93 ]993-9
Page 62 and 63: .. 000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 100
Page 64 and 65: Table 3.4 Area Under Ginger in Majo
Page 66 and 67: Table 3.5 Production of Ginger in M
Page 68 and 69: Table 3.6 Yield per hectare of Ging
Page 70: For comparison, the compound growth
Page 73: Year 1982-83 1983-84 1984-85 1985-8
Page 76 and 77: district. The area under pineapple
Page 78 and 79: Chapter Four Acreage Response
Page 81 and 82: the anticipated returns from differ
Page 83 and 84: egion to another, no unique hypothe
Page 85 and 86:
of area and actual area under the c
Page 87 and 88:
Table 4.1 Results of Acreage Respon
Page 89:
Lagged values of price and area thu
Page 92 and 93:
district two crops are reported as
Page 94 and 95:
Thus, in Ernakulam district current
Page 96 and 97:
Chapter Five Cost of Cultivation Da
Page 98 and 99:
Table 5.1 Nature of Ginger Cultivat
Page 100 and 101:
Ginger requires a well drained soil
Page 102 and 103:
nation and to prevent washing off s
Page 104:
Table 5.3 Distribution of Ginger Fa
Page 107 and 108:
60% of farmers in both districts de
Page 109 and 110:
are cultivating ginger as an interc
Page 111 and 112:
Table 5.7 Cost of Cultivation of Gi
Page 113 and 114:
Table 5.8 Components of Cost of Cul
Page 115:
COMPONENTS OF COST OF CULTIVATION O
Page 118 and 119:
more or less same in two districts,
Page 120 and 121:
Table 5.11 Number of Sampled Farmer
Page 122 and 123:
trict over another on all these asp
Page 124 and 125:
Chapter Six l\:larketing The develo
Page 126:
112 For a greatly populous developi
Page 129 and 130:
marketing practices followed in the
Page 131 and 132:
6.6. Processing of Ginger Processin
Page 133 and 134:
6.7.1. Storage of Seed Rhizome Ging
Page 135 and 136:
121 The wastage in storage of fresh
Page 137:
6.10. Grading 123 In order to gain
Page 143:
Marketing Channels of Fresh Ginger.
Page 148 and 149:
Year Apr. May June July Aug. Sept.
Page 150 and 151:
136 Generally, the ginger prices ar
Page 152 and 153:
ments as well (Moore, Johl and Khus
Page 154:
available to make good approximatio
Page 158 and 159:
Table 6.5 Shares of Marketing Cost
Page 161:
6.13.6. Price Spread of Fresh Ginge
Page 164:
150 The farmers and traders report
Page 167 and 168:
Tabel 6.9 Shares of Marketing Cost
Page 170 and 171:
6.14.4. Price Spread of Pineapple 1
Page 172 and 173:
Table 6.11 Shares of Marketing Cost
Page 174 and 175:
price spread. 160 The marketing pat
Page 176 and 177:
world. Chapter Seven Ginger Export
Page 178 and 179:
exporters for the purchase of Gas C
Page 180 and 181:
exporters through a foreign trade e
Page 182 and 183:
'ungarbled' and the grades have bee
Page 184 and 185:
Year 1964-65 1965-66 1966-67 1967-6
Page 186:
GINGER EXPORT FROM INDIA - QUANTITY
Page 189 and 190:
Table 7.2 Compound Growth Rates of
Page 191 and 192:
176 The export growth of ginger oil
Page 193 and 194:
Table 7.5 Compound Growth Rates of
Page 195 and 196:
Table 7.6 Share of Ginger in the Sp
Page 197 and 198:
Year 1993-94 1994-95 1995-96(P) (P)
Page 199 and 200:
Table 7.7 World Export of Ginger an
Page 201 and 202:
Year Indian Chinese 1989-90 78.94 7
Page 203 and 204:
1995-96 Quantity Value 1993-94 1994
Page 205 and 206:
COMPOSITION OF EXPORT OF GINGER FRO
Page 207 and 208:
Table 7.10 Zone-wise Export of Ging
Page 209 and 210:
contributed by West Asia. In 1991-9
Page 211 and 212:
1992-93 1993-94 1994-95 1995-96 (P)
Page 213 and 214:
7.S. Relation between Domestic and
Page 215:
Year 1992-93 1993-94 1994-95 1995-9
Page 218 and 219:
Table 7.13 Mac Bean Index of Instab
Page 220 and 221:
205 The estimated regression equati
Page 223 and 224:
208 produced in other states are co
Page 225 and 226:
210 three decades, world trade in g
Page 227 and 228:
Chapter Eight Problems of Ginger Cu
Page 229 and 230:
Table 8.1 Problems of inputs Proble
Page 231 and 232:
215 eties like 'Suprabha', 'Suruchi
Page 233 and 234:
S.2. Marketing problems 217 In the
Page 235 and 236:
8.2.3. Price Fluctuations 219 There
Page 237 and 238:
8.3.1. Credit 221 Non-availability
Page 239 and 240:
Chapter Nine Summary of Findings an
Page 241 and 242:
224 2.18% per annum. Orissa stands
Page 243 and 244:
226 (iii) Cost of cultivation of al
Page 245 and 246:
228 practices, instability of price
Page 247 and 248:
(i) Non-availability of fertile lan
Page 249 and 250:
232 (ix) Attention should be paid t
Page 251 and 252:
Branson, R.E, and D.G. Norvel!. Int
Page 253 and 254:
Jakhade, VM, and N.A Majumdar. "Res
Page 255 and 256:
Lakshmanchar, M. S. "Marketing of G
Page 257 and 258:
281 "The Dynamics of Supply Retrosp
Page 259 and 260:
Reddy, Nakula. "Farm Supply Respons
Page 261 and 262:
Sreekumar, B, V Haridasan, and P Ra
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