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30 Examples for resource efficiency | Technologies | Environmental technologies Technologies Production and manufacturing technologies The natural water circulation as model for the future greenhouse Seawater Greenhouse The functionality of conventional greenhouses is reversed in the Seawater Greenhouse. Here, seawater serves as cooling system of the greenhouse allowing for the cultivation of vegetables and fruits even in dry regions, which normally are unsuitable for crop cultivation. The necessary water is obtained via an integrated seawater desalination plant. The water demand of the Seawater Greenhouse can be covered with the help of a solar powered seawater desalination plant. Hence, it is particularly suitable for dry, costal regions. In the Seawater Greenhouse, a simulation of the natural water circulation takes place. Apart from serving as climate control within the greenhouse, this principle allows for the transformation of seawater into fresh water, which is used for irrigation of the plants. In addition, plantations outside the greenhouse with fruits like oranges or lemons can be watered. Furthermore, minerals from the seawater are used for the fertilization of the crops as well as for the production of salt crystals. The concept of the Seawater Greenhouse has been developed by Charlie Paton in England and further researched by the British enterprise Seawater Greenhouse Ltd. since 1991. By the end of the 90ies it was ready to be launched. In 1992, a first pilot plant was set up on the Canary Island Tenerife. Positive results confirmed the capacities for development and, thus, suggested application in other regions. Other research facilities ensued. The first Seawater Greenhouse in the world used for commercial purposes was opened in South Australia in 2009. Ressourceneffizienzatlas Resource Efficiency Atlas Microsystem technologies Biotechnologies Nano-technologies Materials Environmental technologies Energy technologies Resource Efficiency The solar powered desalination of seawater represents an eco-friendly and energy-saving alternative to conventional seawater desalination plants. The obtained fresh water is pure and distilled and requires no further chemical treatment. Groundwater withdrawal is minimised due to production of the necessary fresh water. The use of pesticides can be reduced or even completely avoided by using the ’’germ-free“ evaporated seawater. For these processes only solar- and wind energy is used. The salt, which is won during the desalination process, can be sold as table salt – as long as it is economically viable. Other minerals obtained in this process are used for fertilization. Barriers and Risks The investment volume of solar powered seawater desalination plants is high. Therefore, there is a serious risk of creating dependencies on the desalination industry, especially in poor countries. Furthermore, taking other environmental protection measures, for example improving the water management system, might not be given priority due to the use of seawater desalination.
Effects Region and Country Material Energy m2 Water Surface UK fields Europe Possible assembly of the Seawater Greenhouse (Source: © Seawater Greenhouse Ltd.) Potential environmental risks of seawater desalination have not been thoroughly assessed yet. Returning the filtered salt as brine into the sea can have negative effects on the already disturbed coastal regions. This is one of the major concerns of the environmental organisation WWF. They warn about the destruction of coastal regions. Supporters of the desalination technology argue, that the conditionally increased salt concentration of 6.5 – 7 percent caused by the refeed is not measurable already within a few meters from the point of discharge into the sea. Potentials In 2008, the manufacturer Seawater Greenhouse developed together with a team of architects the concept of the Sahara Forest Project. This project is a further development of the Seawater Greenhouse concept and intends to use large-scaled greenhouses together with solar plants for the food production in deserts. Solar tower power stations not only supply the energy needed for the pumps installed in the greenhouses but also support the evaporation process of the sea water due to their heat waste. The plants are expected to produce a surplus of energy and drinking water. Further information Brendel (2003): Solare Meerwasserentsalzungsanlagen mit mehrstufiger Verdunstung. Seawater Greenhouse Limited 2a Greenwood Road London E8 1AB, UK info@seawatergreenhouse.com www.seawatergreenhouse.com Ressourceneffizienzatlas Resource Efficiency Atlas 31
Page 1 and 2: Resource Efficiency Atlas An intern
Page 3 and 4: Resource Efficiency Atlas An intern
Page 5 and 6: Table of contents 1 Developing reso
Page 7 and 8: 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Global Oil Consu
Page 9 and 10: 1.2 The project Resource Efficiency
Page 11 and 12: 2 Resource efficiency potentials in
Page 13 and 14: obtained by a newly developed techn
Page 15 and 16: point of view, current data and awa
Page 17 and 18: is an indication for the growing im
Page 19 and 20: 2.2 The identification of resource
Page 21 and 22: Figure 6: Overview of sectors for r
Page 23 and 24: N-America Europe Asia Africa 0 10 2
Page 25 and 26: 2 Groasis Waterboxx Groasis Waterbo
Page 27 and 28: Effects Region and Country Material
Page 29: Effects Region and Country Material
Page 69 and 70: Strengths Which strengths are appar
Page 71 and 72: and products might be restricted du
Page 73 and 74: Further research The Resource Effic
Page 75 and 76: European Commission (2011): Mitteil
Page 77 and 78: 6 Appendix Interviewed experts in t
Page 79 and 80: Fraunhofer Institute for Industrial

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