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Roberts, Campbell, service & Adalla (2006). The study revealed that volunteers in rural areas
did not have access to tap water so they drew their water from shallow unprotected wells
while those in urban areas received their water from shallow wells or boreholes which were
contaminated during the rainy season and therefore most of them had to travel long distances
to fetch water.
As much as there are many different studies that explain how potable water is inadequate in
most African countries especially in Southern African as stated above, most studies that have
been conducted in South Africa show that potable water is a challenge in home-based care
programs for PLWHAs. For example, a study that was conducted among six countries China,
Malawi, Nigeria, South Africa, Vietnam and Zambia. The aim was to investigate the extent of
adequacy of water, sanitation and hygiene in relation to home based care strategies for
PLWHA. The results showed that when it came to potable water supply, there were no
national policies linking water into home-based care organizations in all six countries; instead
there were barriers to water supply such as high water tariffs, long distances between water
sources and homes in rural areas and consequently, poor people including PLWHA had no
access to potable water (Hillbrunner, 2007).
2.7.5 Poor living conditions in communities
Living conditions in communities that volunteer caregivers serve can either have a positive or
negative effect on the work of volunteer caregivers. For example, unhygienic conditions can
cause an increase in environmental pathogens. On the other hand, living conditions with little
ventilation can cause easy transmission of opportunistic infections like T.B from patients to
caregivers and from caregivers to patients adversely affecting the quality of life of the
PLWHA. Furthermore, the transmission of opportunistic infections can either hasten the
progression of HIV to AIDS or cause mortality amongst AIDS patients. Additionally, poor
living conditions hinders proper infection control practices because most volunteer caregivers
become frustrated and demoralised to do their work in depraved conditions. Due to a fear of
contamination in working in such conditions, volunteer caregivers may choose to abandon
the patients in such conditions (Hillbrunner, 2009).
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