Gender Equality National Report Hungary - European-microfinance ...

Diagram No. 11: Unemployment rates of women (As a percentage of female civilian labour
force, average 1995-2005 or latest period available)
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Norway
Denmark
Sweden
United States
France
Slovak Republic
Ireland
www.stats.eocd.org
Iceland
Canada
United Kingdom
Finland
Netherlands
Germany
Australia
Hungary
Czech Republic
Switzerland
EU15
Austria
New Zealand
OECD Total
Spain
Japan
Belgium
Italy
Poland
Portugal
Greece
Korea
Brazil
Mexico
Turkey
According to the figures from the labour market data of domestic population between the age
of 15 and 74 in the second quarter of 2005, sole entrepreneurs and members of partnerships
amounted to 522,900; 31.7% of them were female. The interesting but not surprising fact is
that 71.6% of the total 16,200 helping family members were women.
A significant share of women’s businesses are enterprises started without or with a very low
amount of capital, the owners of which can be considered self employed according to
international standards.
b.) Gender Equality in start-up activity Score 3
The above mentioned GEM research examines women’s enterprises as well. There have
been several publications issued in recent years, in 2005 and in 2006 separate publications
were issued about women’s enterprises. 31 The studies unambiguously state that men’s
enterprises exceed those of women in number both in early entrepreneurial activity and in
established companies in every country (there was one exception: the Philippines).
Interestingly the differences are greater in the developed countries, where there are two
enterprises of men for each enterprise of women. On the basis of data from 2006, Hungary,
on average, portrays these figures p for both early phase enterprises and established
businesses as the proportion of men’s enterprises to that of women’s is 2 to 1.
Women know fewer entrepreneurs than men, they see business opportunities in a smaller
proportion, they have entrepreneurial knowledge to a smaller extent, at the same time they
are more affected by the fear of business failure. A great deal of these differences comes
from objective aptitude, which can hardly be influenced by economic policy.
31
Maria Minniti, I. Elaine Allen, Nan Langowitz 2005 Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2005 Report
on Women and Entrepreneurship;
Allen, E –N. Langowitz, M. Minniti 2006 The Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) 2006 Report on
Women and Entrepreneurship;,
http://www.gemconsortium.org/about.aspx?page=special_topic_women
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