DACIAN BASIN - GeoEcoMar

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58 FIGURE 2.14. Paleogeography and facies at the northern end of the Dacian Basin. From Saulea et al., (1969). Legend: 1. Fresh-water facies. 2. Brackish-water facies. 3. Brackish facies with a tendency to become freshwater. 4. Eroded deposits at the sub-Carpathian margin of the Dacian Basin. Index map in the right-up corner showing the location of the study zone in the Dacian Basin. Chapter 2. Dacian Basin paleogeography. Sedimentological interpretation
2.3. Was the Dacian Basin a lake or a sea ? Some facies entities are also involved in the changes at the northern ending area of the Dacian Basin. From Middle-Late Sarmatian (s.l.) to Maeotian time the fresh-water and fresh-water influenced fauna and facies appear to have suffered a distinct southward migration (Fig. 2.14 A and B). The same shifting process was active during the Early Pontian time (Fig. 2.14 C), but over a reduced area. 2.3. wAS THE <strong>DACIAN</strong> <strong>BASIN</strong> A LAkE OR A SEA ? In addition to “river”, the terms “lake” and “sea” represent some of the most used, trivial but vital, physico-geographical notions of human activity. 2.3.1. Modern lakes and seas. How are they dissimilar ? For the characterization of the terms “lake” and “sea” the size, delimitation, and salinity of the bodies of water are essential. Main criteria. In the scientific literature but also in the perception of people, the deepest rooted way of defining lakes or seas is based on the size of the water body. Everybody agrees that the lake is larger than a small pond, but smaller than a sea, which in turn has a smaller surface than the ocean. A frequently used lake – sea discrimination standard is based on the areal relationships between water and land. It is largely accepted that lakes are completely surrounded by dry land (landlocked) and the seas are not entirely surrounded by land. Water salinity represents a very significant attribute in differentiating the lake from the sea. Continental running waters and lakes have very reduced salinity (fresh-water; less than 5 ‰). By contrast, marine water is salty, with an average salinity between 31 ‰ and 36 ‰. Exceptions to the rule. The validity of the three lake vs. sea discrimination criteria discussed above is weakened by multiple exceptions. Along the human history, the lake or sea denomination was applied according to local conceptions, opinions or understanding and sometimes directly reflecting local myths and folklore. There are no numerical values to limit the size of lakes, seas or oceans. That is why some very large water bodies are called lakes (for example the Caspian Lake), or some large lakes are named sea (Dead Sea; the Aral Lake is also known as Aral Sea). The land-enclosing feature should have been rather easy to observe in defining the lacustrine water bodies. However, some coastal water bodies are called lakes although they do not have an inland setting and have marine outlets (like Lake Maracaibo, Chilka Lake and others). In the dominantly accepted meaning, the sea should not be landlocked but should be always in communication with the global ocean. Nevertheless, there are marine bodies (inland seas) which evolved to become landlocked (the Caspian Sea). Some seas are not completely landlocked, 59
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Dan C. Jipa, Cornel Olariu DACIAN B
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Dedicated to the memory of Prof. Gh
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NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF MARINE GEOLOG
Page 11 and 12: CONTENTS Foreword and Acknowledgeme
Page 13 and 14: Contents Chapter 7. The Point Bar F
Page 15 and 16: FOREwORD AND ACkNOwLEDgEMENTS The s
Page 17: PLATE 1. Location of the Dacian Bas
Page 20 and 21: 18 Chapter 1. Dacian Basin. General
Page 42 and 43: The analysis of the paleogeographic
Page 44 and 45: 42 Chapter 2. Dacian Basin paleogeo
Page 70 and 71: 68 Chapter 3. Sediment Thickness Di
Page 84 and 85: Sedimentation in the brackish-water
Page 86 and 87: 84 Chapter 4. Dacian Basin Physiogr
Page 96 and 97: 94 Chapter 5. Littoral Sedimentary
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108 Chapter 5. Littoral Sedimentary
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Fluvial sedimentation played a majo
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136 Chapter 6. Upper Neogene Fluvia
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The large and continuous rock expos
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158 Chapter 7. The Point Bar Facies
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190 Chapter 8. The Paleoenvironment
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The evolution and architecture of a
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200 Chapter 9. Source-Areas in the
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10.1. SEDIMENT ACCUMULATION AREAS I
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214 Chapter 10. History of the Daci
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230 Chapter 11. From Brackish-Marin
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Ai n s w o r t h r. B., Cr o w l e
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258 References hA m o r, g., et al.
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260 References mA C A r o V iC i, n
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262 References ră d A n, s.C., 200
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264 References VAsilieV, i., Kr iJ
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