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www.the-criterion.com The Criterion: An International Journal in English ISSN 0976-8165 to abandon simplified nationalisation and the notion of an absolute truth. He gives enough facts to make the novels sufficiently plausible that the reader cannot reject it. Works Cited: Reed, Ishmael. Mumbo Jumbo. New York: Atheneum, 1989. Reed, Ishmael. Reckless Eyeballing. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1986. Votteler, Thomas, ed. Contemporary Literary Criticism. Vol.74 Detroit: Gale, 1993. Mary Orr. Intertextuality: debates and contexts. Wiley-Blackwell, 2003. Swope, Richard. “Crossing Western Space, or the Hoodoo detective on the Boundary in Ishmael Reed’s Mumbo Jumbo”. African American Review; Winter 2002, Vol.36 Issue 4, pp.1-19. Soitos, Stephen. The Blues Detective: A Study of Afro-American Detective Fiction. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1996. Martin, Reginald. Ishmael Reed and the New Black Aesthetic Critics. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1988. Weixlmann, Joe. “African American Deconstruction of the Novel in the work of Ishmael Reed and Clarence Major”. MELUS 17.4 (Winter 1991): 57-79. Vol. II. Issue. III 100 September 2011
www.the-criterion.com The Criterion: An International Journal in English ISSN 0976-8165 Emancipation of the Woman: A Study of Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House A.KUMARAN & Dr.R.GANESAN Literature is a vital record of what men have seen in life, what they have experienced of it, what they have thought and felt about those aspects of it which have the most immediate and enduring interest for all of us. Mathew Arnold defines literature as a criticism of life. It means that literature is an interpretation of life. As per Johnson’s definition, literature is a mirror of life as life is being reflected through literature. The success of literary art is determined not only by the awards given to it but also the understandability to the common people and its impact on the people. Henrik Johan Ibsen projects the woman’s place in the society, one of the burning topics of the day, in his play A Doll’s House. In this choice of theme, he was more influenced by his own convictions than the growing movement for the emancipation of woman. He is regarded as the father of the modern drama and the prophet of new morality. He stands supreme among the moderns. He is often considered as the greatest dramatist next to Shakespeare. He is a social realist with a sense of commitment. In all his social plays, he focuses on the contemporary ailments of the society, which cry for remedies. Ibsen, for the first time, turned the social drama into “The drama of ideas”. In his plays, he questioned the settled ideas, beliefs, and opinions which governed the life of his society and its members. Shaw substantiates it as the drama arises through a conflict of unsettled ideals rather than through vulgar attachments, capacities, generosities, resentments, ambitions, misunderstanding, oddities and so forth as to which no moral question is raised. Ibsen blazed a new trail in the field of modern drama that was admired by great personalities such as Bernard Shaw, Thomas Hardy, Henry James, J.M.Barrie, Gilbert Murray and H.H.Asquith. Ibsen’s A Doll’s House is a masterpiece of compact dramatic structure. It has a minimum of dramatic character and maintains a dramatic unity of place, time and action. In the play, he uses some technical factors which contribute to the apparent realism of his play. The detailed stage directions, employment of everyday prose and elimination of soliloquies and ‘asides’ are also included. His stress on the visual concreteness of his settings and characters help him greatly in making his plays look life – like. The characters are drawn from real middle–class set up. The problem posed in his play is the problem of subservient women in that period. In pre–emancipation days, when women were considered to be subservient to man and wives merely existing through their husband’s will, Ibsen weaves his characters with flesh and blood to make them come out with the pressing social conventions and customs which leads to the freedom of the individuals in society. He gives more importance to the delineation of his characters than his plot and he enables his viewers to get a full and perfect picture of his characters. Vol. II. Issue. III 101 September 2011
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