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www.the-criterion.com The Criterion: An International Journal in English ISSN 0976-8165 Confederation’’ portend his idea about community and ‘‘big government’’ (88) ideal that is couched in re-inventing ‘‘America’s oldest democracy’’ and making the people the reason for governance. Conclusion: This study is based on how the agency of language verged on sociolinguistically conscious expressions could galvanise power, appeal and ideological persuasion given varying contexts. Thus, this is crucially important in order to appreciate the imports of President Bill Clinton’s Between Hope and History: Meeting America’s Challenge in the 21 st Century. Also, it has been stated that a sociolinguistic reading of this text that runs within the axes of diction, semantics, power and contexts will bring the essence of the book within the parameters of Clinton winning the second term as well as gaining the trust of the American people. This is achieved by Clinton’s use of appropriate words to suit the contexts in which they are applied. Works Cited: Clinton, Bill. Between Hope and History: Meeting America’s Challenges for the 21 st Century. New York: Random House, 1996. ---. My Life. New York: Knopf Publishing Group, 2004. Coulmas, Florian. The Handbook of Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Blackwell, 1997. Downes, Williams. Language and Society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984. Drucker, Peter. Management Challenges of the 21 st Century. New York: Harper Business, 1999. Fairclough, Norman. Discourse and Social Change. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1992. Gouldner, Alvin. The Dialectic of Ideology and Technology. London: Macmillan Press Ltd., 1976. Hamilton, Nigel. Bill Clinton: An American Journey. London: Century, 2003. Kopperud, Steve. ‘‘what’s Animal Agriculture Doing about Animal Rights? Agricultural Engineering. (1993): 20-22. Sapir, Edward. ‘‘The Status of Linguistics as a Science’’. Culture, Language and Personality. D. G. Mandelbaun. Ed. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1929. Simpson, Paul. Language, Ideology and Point of View. London: Routledge, 1993. Toner, Robin. Review. ‘‘Between Hope and History’’. The New York Times, September, 22, 1996, 7. Wodak, Ruth. ‘‘Language and Ideology – Langauge and Ideology’’. Journal of Language and Politics. 6.1 (2007): 1-5. Vol. II. Issue. III 258 September 2011
www.the-criterion.com The Criterion: An International Journal in English ISSN 0976-8165 The Dalit and Non-Dalit Women Autobiographies Yeshwant Madhav Radhakisan Woman from Maharashtra was introduced to education which was her path to literature. The Marathi Autobiographies translated to English are the examples of the two different perspectives of Upper caste women and Dalit women. The critical reading of ‘I Follow After’ (Laxmibai Tilak) and ‘The Prisons We Broke’ (Baby Kamble) focuses on the philosophy and way of life of the two streams. The religious conversion and domestic life are observed as theme. But both of them differ in their basic instinct to compose autobiography. The open and close access to their writing deals with feministic argument about masculine influence and the egalitarian principle. For the upper caste woman her family is her world and for the Dalit woman her community is her family. The first argue for self-modification and the second for community upliftment. In short, the study of these two autobiographies is parallel to the individual liberalism and communitarianism. Mahatma Jyotiba Phule was a 19 th c. social reformer who took initials to introduce education to women and downtrodden people in India. Once he had asked his students to write essay about their plight as if they were describing it to Queen Victoria. Mukta Salwe, a girl form Mang community has expressed her life experiences which may be considered the first dormant autobiography of Indian woman. No doubt, in the recent past Indian women used to express through the lyrics on the grinding stones in which the grief, emotion, passion, hopes and glorification of their day-to-day life peeped out. This type of autobiographical literature was the initiatives for the main stream autobiographies of women in the early 20 th century. After the independence when education reached to the humble huts of Dalit people, the Dalit women also started to express themselves in various literary forms. Marathi Dalit literature has the evidences of such type of writings but we have to wait up to 1980s to see the autobiographical work by these women. Women from Maharashtra are expressing various issues in the autobiographical form. Some exceptional life experiences on the part of the women have attracted the attention towards their autobiographies. Otherwise women’s autobiographies have common aspects which revolve around their domestic life. The noteworthy fact is that though the domestic life is the major aspect of their writing; the autobiographies of the main stream women are different than the Dalit women’s autobiographies. The basic reason is that the discourse in which they lived was different for both of these women. It affected the total colour of their literary composition. The rift of life pattern is visible in these two types of autobiographies. The grounds for life struggle, its philosophy, and their perspectives for life are totally different. It is interesting to study an autobiography of a Brahmin lady, who got converted to Christianity following her husband in the contemporary conservative period, in comparison with an autobiography of a Dalit woman, who also got converted to Buddhism following the rational grounds of Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar. Yes, I would like to look at Laximbai Tilak’s autobiography Smritichitre in Marathi which has been translated in to English under the title I Follow After and Baby Kamble’s autobiography The Prisons We Broke an English translation of Jina Amucha. Laxmibai Tilak was married to a whimsical poet Rv. Tilak. He got converted to Christianity out of the principles of humanity in it. But it becomes very difficult to a Brahmin wife to live the life of ‘a wife’ whose husband has converted to Christianity. She was sympathized as a widow and was offered with every kind of relief at the sake of her detachment Vol. II. Issue. III 259 September 2011
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