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www.the-criterion.com The Criterion: An International Journal in English ISSN 0976-8165 Benn, David Wedgewood. “On Comparing Nazism and Stalinism.” International Affairs. Volume 82, Number 1. 2006. 189-194. Camus, Albert. The Rebel: An Essay on Man in Revolt. 1951. New York: First Vintage International Edition, 1991. Conrad, Joseph. Heart of Darkness. 1902. New York: Dover Edition, 1990. Conquest, Robert. The Great Terror: Stalin Purges of the 1930s. New York: MacMillan, 1968. Garforth, Lisa. “No Intentions? Utopian Theory after the Future.” Journal for Cultural Research. Vol. 12, No. 1. January 2009. 5-27. Getty, J. Archer. “Excesses Are Not Permitted: Mass Terror and Stalinist Governance in the Late 1930s.” The Russian Review. Vol. 61, Issue 1. January 2002. 113-138. Goldman, Wendy Z. Terror and Democracy in the Age of Stalin: The Social Dynamics of Repression. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007. Hitler, Adolf. Mein Kampf. 1925. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 1998. Lackey, Michael. “The Moral Condition for Genocide in Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness.” College Literature. Vol. 32, No. 1. Winter 2005. 20-41. Leopold, David. “Socialism and the Rejection of Utopia.” Journal of Political Ideologies. October 2007. Vol. 12, Issue 3. 219-237 Mikkonen, Kai. “Can Fiction Become Fact?: The Fiction-to-Fact Transition in Recent Theories of Fiction.” Style. Vol. 40, No. 4. Winter 2006. 291-313. Montefiore, Simon Sebag. Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2003. More, Thomas. Utopia. 1516. Barnes & Noble Classics: New York, 2005. Morris, William. News from Nowhere. 1890. New York: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1910. Roberts, Geoffrey. “Joseph Stalin.” Pen Portraits. History Review. Issue 47. December 2003. 47-49. Sargisson, Lucy. “Strange Places: Estrangement, Utopianism, and Intentional Communities.” Utopian Studies. 2007. Vol. 18, Issue 3. 2007. 393-424. Thurston, Robert W. Life and Terror in Stalin’s Russia. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996. Tolstoy, Nikolai. Stalin’s Secret War. London: Jonathan Cape Ltd., 1981. Wood, Alan. “Review of Robert W. Thurston’s Life and Terror in Stalin’s Russia.” Labour History Review. Volume 62, No. 1. Spring 1997. 83-85. Vol. II. Issue. III 56 September 2011
www.the-criterion.com The Criterion: An International Journal in English ISSN 0976-8165 De Constructing Family and Gender Stereotypes in the Selected Novels of Anita Desai Dr.M.Gouri Family, as an indispensible social institution has always been a matter of contention and concern for the literary artist. In this new world of the modern and the postmodern, where every conventional idea and concept undergoes change, even the ideas of family, gender roles and the politics of power within the family undergo a phenomenal change. In most of the novels of Anita Desai, females have been portrayed as the custodians of family values, struggling to preserve the familial unit against the threat of cultural and social forces. The writer has often tried to explore a woman’s world, most often, through the conventional stereotypes predominant in her times, of women pitted against patriarchy. Yet even in these powerful conventional representations we find some undercurrents of change, a change which intends to break free from the typical and the quintessential norms of womanhood or manhood. The male characters - Nirode, Arun,Raman, Gautum are individuals who have taken a step forward in creating space for their female counterparts and re - establishing balance and preventing a virtual break down of the family. In most of the cases the male characters have made an effort to come out of the patriarchal mind set.Therefore this paper proposes to study family and deconstruct its conventional readings and foreground the deconstructed gender stereotypes. Family, as an indispensible social institution has always been a matter of contention and concern for the literary artist. In this new world of the modern and the postmodern, where every conventional idea and concept undergoes change, even the ideas of family, gender roles and the politics of power within the family undergo a phenomenal change. In most of the novels of Anita Desai, females have been portrayed as the custodians of family values, struggling to preserve the familial unit against the threat of cultural and social forces. The writer has often tried to explore a woman’s world, most often, through the conventional stereotypes predominant in her times, of women pitted against patriarchy. Yet even in these powerful conventional representations we find some undercurrents of change, a change which intends to break free from the typical and the quintessential norms of womanhood or manhood. Family is not an individual’s private territory as it appears on the surface it is part of a larger social system. Apart from being the most essential part of an individual’s life it has to constantly work with other subsystems of the society to function efficiently. In an article on family studies Linda Thompson and Alix J.Walker elaborate – “The family, as a cultural system of obligation,” a tangle of love and domination”, is distinguished from the household, a locus of labor and economic struggle. Neither families nor households can be conceptualized as separate and solitary spheres.” From time immemorial the general tendency to look towards the problems of gender and family has been to follow the stereotyped, conventional idea where a woman is suppose to be the ‘marginalized other’ and the man a ‘confirmed patriarch.’ The breaking free of the conventions and stereotypes of gender and family is rather a step towards finding solutions to familial problems. When we consider the research that has been carried on in this area of family and gender the experts suggest that it is the roles that an individual is assigned within the frame work of family that decides their inequality. These roles are socially and culturally driven not only in Vol. II. Issue. III 57 September 2011
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