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26 It is important to note, however, that OSS is never ‘free.’ While there may not be an initial fee associated with an open source license, there are long-term costs associated with support and management. Given that many OSS products are continually evolving, specialized knowledge is needed for ongoing maintenance and support. Specifi c applications can also lose favor over time, meaning that developers may move on to newer technologies and may stop supporting old versions of programs. These factors introduce risk into the use of OSS applications. In comparison, proprietary software has higher initial licensing, software support, and update fees, but support is generally more stable for such products. Further research is required on how the costs of OSS compare to the costs of proprietary software in a developing country context. There are many open source templates, software applications, and tools available for building websites and ‘interact’ and ‘transact’ applications. Open source software providers are often non-profi t organizations and websites are their primary vehicle for distributing products. 2.13 Measuring E-Government Reliable and relevant E-government measurement can offer crucial signposts to point policy makers and practitioners in the right direction. Before defi ning an E-Government for development strategy or plan of action, a thorough analysis is required of the existing environment in which E-Government will be implemented An e-Readiness assessment is a useful tools for determining a country’s “starting point” in terms of ICT, and constitutes the initial phase of the ICT strategic planning process for any government or community 28 . E-Government readiness: understanding key fact ors E-Readiness is a term used to assess the preparedness of a community to participate in the global information society and digital economy. The level of e-Readiness is gauged by assessing a community’s maturity across a series of ICT indicators that are considered key in facilitating national development and delivering broad ICT-related benefi ts29 . Understanding a nation’s level of e-Readiness provides an excellent platform for launching any national ICT endeavour, and also provides the all-important baseline for measuring progress as the national ICT agenda advances. 28 Plan of Action for E-Government Development, Government of Italy, Ministry of Innovation and Technology & United Nations Department of Economics and Social Affairs, 2002 http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan010301.pdf 29 Belize National ICT Policy, 2007, http://www.belize-glessimaresearch.org/downloads/e-readiness_assessment%20_sept2007. pdf
The table below forms the basis for the questionnaire for assessing the e-Readiness of the municipalities in this study. Table 2: Key Factors for E-Government Readiness Areas Key Factors Political conditions • Awareness of political value of Good governance, as a condition for E-Government sustainable development, requires • Commitment to E-Government and genuine commitment from political leaders, the private sector and organizations of civil society. good governance In the same way, the introduction of • Leadership skills E-Government in society requires strong • National identity and perception of political will to see through the transformation government process it implies to government both in its • Legislative framework internal operations as well as with regards • Citizens’ and civil society’s participation to its interaction with civil society. in government’s affairs • Good governance and rule of law Regulatory framework • Security standards A proper regulatory framework is needed in • Privacy legislation order to enable secure information exchanges • Legal validity of transactions on line within government and between government, • Degree of liberalization of telecitizens and businesses. communication market, including the inter<strong>net</strong> service providers market It is also needed to create the economic • Positive fi scal environment for acquisition conditions for accessible ICT infrastructures, of IT equipment services, and equipment Organizational conditions • Administrative structures and legacies International experience shows that the • Public administration reforms introduction of E-Government calls for and • Civil service reform causes profound and evolutionary change of • Central coordination and support unit the institutional arrangements. • Policy coordination • Inter governmental relations To guide this transformation process, • Change agents and management appropriate management and coordination mechanisms are needed. Cultural and human resources conditions • Culture, traditions and languages Positive attitudes, knowledge and skills need • Gender inequality to be in place – especially within the public • Educational levels sector – to initiate, implement and sustain • IT literacy and number of on-line users E-Government. • IT educational facilities and programs • Culture of information and knowledge Cultural aspects may cause general resistance sharing to change and information-sharing. Inadequate • Prevailing organizational culture human resource capacity may lead to lack of • Attitude and adaptability to change, customer-orientation and overall commitment. especially in public administration • Managerial skills in the public sector • Service orientation of public administration towards citizens Communication environment • Citizen’s awareness and understanding In today’s world, communicating with citizens is • Communication culture and channels a duty and a necessity for governments. • Information and knowledge sharing E-Government needs to be accepted and understood by all stakeholders to ensure that its benefi ts fl ow to the society as a whole. of ICT and E-Government Source: Plan of Action for E-Government Development, Government of Italy, Ministry of Innovation and Technology & United Nations Department of Economics and Social Affairs, 2002. Strenghtening e-Governance in the North-South Local Government Co-operation Programme 27
Page 1 and 2: North-South Local Government Co-ope
Page 3: North-South Local Government Co-ope
Page 6 and 7: 6 4.6 Other ICT Statistics ________
Page 8 and 9: 8 knowledge is utilised, policy is
Page 10 and 11: 10 ICT4AD Information and Communica
Page 12 and 13: 1.1 Motivation for the Study 12 Mun
Page 14 and 15: 1.4 Limitations 14 community’s ma
Page 16 and 17: 16 public administration and govern
Page 18 and 19: 18 Figure 1: The Big Picture of e-G
Page 20 and 21: 20 G2G: Government to Government in
Page 22 and 23: 22 centers, mobile devices, it beco
Page 24 and 25: 2.10 E-Inclusion 24 range of online
Page 28 and 29: 28 The next chapter provides an env
Page 30 and 31: 30 Government Act of 1993 further e
Page 32 and 33: 32 in education. The syllabus from
Page 34 and 35: 34 Table 7: Personal computers per
Page 36 and 37: 4 Tanzania 4.1 Background and Gover
Page 38 and 39: 38 Even so, there was no single age
Page 40 and 41: 40 Table 11: Cellular subscribers f
Page 42 and 43: 42 local government structure estab
Page 44 and 45: 5 Kenya 5.1 Background and Governme
Page 46 and 47: 46 Act, which set up the Communicat
Page 48 and 49: 48 Table 19: Number of Internet Hos
Page 50 and 51: 50 Table 25: Number of Personal com
Page 52 and 53: 52 is very high. The availability o
Page 54 and 55: 54 � � � 6.3 Economy 0-14 yea
Page 56 and 57: 56 up as a strategic government ini
Page 58 and 59: 58 Table 33: Cellular subscribers p
Page 60 and 61: 6.6 The Local Government of Tshwane
Page 62 and 63: 7 Namibia 7.1 Background and Govern
Page 64 and 65: 7.5 Namibia Telecommunications Prof
Page 66 and 67: 66 Table 43: Number of Internet use
Page 68 and 69: 68 More than 75% of the local gover
Page 70 and 71: 70 � � � 8.3 Economy 8.4 ICT
Page 72 and 73: 8.5 Other ICT Statistics 72 Table 4
Page 74 and 75: 74 Table 53: Number of Personal Com
Page 76 and 77:
9 Summary Conclusions and Recommend
Page 78 and 79:
References 78 Belize National ICT P
Page 80 and 81:
80 http://www.iclei.org/index.php?i
Page 82 and 83:
82 Please�indicate�how�much
Page 84 and 85:
� � � � 84 15. What�e�G
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