History in the new South Africa: an introduction - Det danske ...

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nodes are fairly specific areas such as Mdantsane, Inanda, Mitchell’s Plain and so on. However, most ISRDP nodes are larger administrative units – district or local municipalities such as Zululand, Alfred Nzo, Central Karoo and so on – and therefore automatically include larger spatial areas and populations than their urban counterparts. Even so, as we demonstrate below, the poverty of the rural nodes is staggering, and at an aggregate level is twice that of the urban nodes. There may be small peri-urban pockets of the better off, such as Port St Johns in the midst of O R Tambo, but these make little impact on the overall levels of poverty in the 13 rural nodes, highlighting how acute poverty is and how urgently it needs to be addressed. There is considerable debate about the definition of poverty and the appropriate indicators to measure it 11 , some examples of which are shown in Table 1 below. World Bank UNDP (Human Poverty Index) Statistics SA Income per capita Education Education Life expectancy Unemployment Health services Dwelling type Water Household composition Malnourishment Household expenditure Household size Water Refuse removal Sanitation Electricity Telephone Table 1: Different models for defining poverty Although not to be conflated with poverty, there are also a number of measures of development that bear noting: • UNDP’s Human Development Index – consists of education, GDP per capita and life expectancy; • the UN Millennium Development Goals – Goal 1 is to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger and consists of income per capita, child malnutrition, primary school completion, gender equality in schools, child mortality, maternal mortality and HIV/AIDS prevalence (and will be covered in the baseline survey); • and so on. Evidence across different countries shows that poverty and the standard of living are directly related to resource availability and income – these resources often include access to water, sanitation, electricity, housing, education, health care and land. When using a composite definition, poverty measures can generally be grouped into four major categories: • Economic – including monetary indicators of household well-being, ownership of assets, etc. 11 See Everatt D. (2004) ‘The politics of poverty’ in Everatt D. and Maphai V. (ed.s) The (real) state of the nation: South Africa since 1990 (Interfund, Johannesburg). 30
• Social – include non-monetary indicators of household well-being, such as access to education, health and other basic services. • Demographic – focus on structure and size of households. • Vulnerability – focus on issues such as physical insecurity and environmental hazards. Choosing which indicators to use in defining poverty matters – different indicators can lead to different poverty rankings, priority target groups and areas, different targeting strategies, and so on. This has important implications in terms of determining who the poor are and where they are located as well as designing programmatic responses to poverty – i.e. what is needed to move people out of poverty. The poverty index This chapter uses an indicator-based method of defining poverty, unavoidable given use of census data. The selection of indicators was influenced by current international trends and local conditions, as well as reflecting key service delivery areas of government – infrastructure, services, health, education and job creation. To measure poverty within the limitations of census data, the following ten indicators, and their corresponding definitions, were used: Indicator Definition Female-headed households Proportion of households headed by women Illiteracy Proportion of population (15+) who have not completed Std 5/Grade 7 Rate of unemployment Proportion of the economically available population who are unemployed (regardless of whether or not they recently sought work) Household income Proportion of households with no annual income Over-crowding Proportion of households sharing a room with at least one other household Dwelling type Proportion traditional of households classified informal or Sanitation Proportion of households who do not have a flush or chemical toilet Water Proportion of households who have no tap water inside dwelling or on site Electricity Proportion of households who do not have electricity for lighting purposes Refuse removal Proportion of households whose refuse is not removed by local authority Table 2: Indicators used to construct the poverty index For each indicator, the relevant proportion (as a score out of a 100) was calculated. The poverty index was then calculated by adding all the scores for each indicator and dividing by 10 to obtain an average overall score out of 100. A score of 100 would reflect an extremely high level of poverty while a score of 0 would reflect an extremely low level. 31
Page 1 and 2: At the end of the rainbow? Social i
Page 3 and 4: 1 Just another country? South Afric
Page 5 and 6: 2 Rhetoric and reality in South Afr
Page 7 and 8: …South Africa is a country of two
Page 9 and 10: areas have to be seen against the b
Page 11 and 12: Central to the justification of amn
Page 13: safeguard democracy in the long run
Page 16 and 17: gold price rose over $800 in 1980/1
Page 18 and 19: A ‘basic needs’ policy with wid
Page 20 and 21: or provide public goods and service
Page 22 and 23: foreign portfolio capital back to t
Page 24 and 25: 1 percent of GDP between 1995 and 1
Page 26 and 27: paper has answered the first questi
Page 28 and 29: initially through anchor projects t
Page 32 and 33: To make sense of the data, just rem
Page 34 and 35: Poverty levels 1996 to 2001 Looking
Page 36 and 37: and Squire argued that “broadenin
Page 38 and 39: see whether a more accelerated drop
Page 40 and 41: Sekhukhune 56.6 54 Down 2.6% Zulula
Page 42 and 43: infrastructure indicators show slow
Page 45: Conclusion The data in Table 6 and
Page 48 and 49: One of the most significant develop
Page 50 and 51: considerable increase in service de
Page 52 and 53: graph is drawn speaks of entire tur
Page 54 and 55: The legacy of GEAR In the new perio
Page 56 and 57: Province Backlog Backlog as % of po
Page 59 and 60: 6 From apartheid to neo-liberalism.
Page 61 and 62: the same year, to repay the $25 bil
Page 63 and 64: 9 percent of the state budget in 19
Page 65 and 66: The Review makes other claims about
Page 67 and 68: experienced a massive decline in re
Page 69 and 70: A government genuinely committed to
Page 71: But what is clear is that the ANC
Page 74 and 75: growth in basic services, especiall
Page 76 and 77: Unemployment and low incomes remain
Page 78 and 79: 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10%
Page 80 and 81:
• First, mass unemployment and po
Page 82 and 83:
Legislators, senior officials and m
Page 84 and 85:
100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20
Page 86 and 87:
The move to Broad-Based BEE Analysi
Page 88 and 89:
1) The special codes on small enter
Page 91 and 92:
8 The ANC in South Africa’s polit
Page 93 and 94:
electoral system as inclusive as po
Page 95 and 96:
occasions. While this offers conser
Page 97 and 98:
NEC of the ANC during 1994. Reactin
Page 99:
line of cleavage will in large meas
Page 102 and 103:
government re-invented itself as a
Page 104 and 105:
What should be recognised that it i
Page 106 and 107:
COSATU and its affiliates are faili
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in many respects to the approaches
Page 110 and 111:
The changing attitude of the member
Page 113 and 114:
10 The grassroots. The rise of the
Page 115 and 116:
“The SACP accepts the inevitabili
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The APF is both organised in the ol
Page 119 and 120:
The SACP and COSATU, while paying l
Page 121 and 122:
traditional labour has failed to or
Page 123 and 124:
11 Land redistribution in South Afr
Page 125 and 126:
phenomenon, and the best known of t
Page 127 and 128:
despite these provisions, there are
Page 129:
which the property clause has so fa
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the Dorp (town) that eventually fel
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on teachers is relentless. One of m
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In some ways these terrorists are t
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government, is only the most visibl
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I do not want my comments however t
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I rushed back to the Office, and ha
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years later, some improvements coul
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the developing world that were. In
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enable the skills- formation that S
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dropouts in the compulsory phase is
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References M. Altman (2003) The Sta
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Africa, such as the Democratic Part
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spectrum’ stations offer a mix of
Page 158 and 159:
CNBC as well as the locally produce
Page 160 and 161:
lack shareholders before Afrikaans
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state after the 1948 nationalist vi
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15 The language question. The strug
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The post-apartheid years have seen
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Minister Ngubane emphasized that a
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languages. African languages are re
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For those to whom an Africa-centred
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Arguably, the continued social and
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35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% HIV p
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The government also vigorously disp
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Deaths 30000 25000 20000 15000 1000
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0.596 in 1995 to 0.635 in 2001 (UND
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Against a backdrop of modest but co
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emotional support and help patients
Page 190 and 191:
training capacity. Management and a
Page 192 and 193:
the epidemic’s demographic impact
Page 194 and 195:
Does this herald a wave of wider ra
Page 196 and 197:
Barnett T & Whiteside A (2000). Gui
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Old Mutual (2003). Old Mutual Healt
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The upward escalation in FDI flows
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least 50,000 Mozambicans. This invo
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Two factors suggest that the teleco
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Zimbabwe’s trade relations and th
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In investment terms, many regard Ir
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If this is achieved, there will be
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three-pronged role as ‘financier
Page 214 and 215:
COSATU, the SA Council of Churches,
Page 216:
Kwesi Kwaa Prah Kwesi Kwaa Prah is
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