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Upsetting the Offset 4 United Nations, Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, New York: United Nations, 1998, Article 12.5 (a). 5 For a discussion of some of these technical aspects, see Yamin F. and J. Depledge (2004) The International Climate Change Regime: A Guide to Rules, Institutions and Procedures. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 180-182. 6 For a detailed account of these NGO positions in the period running up to Marrakech, see Bäckstrand, K., and E. Lövbrand (2006) ‘Planting Trees to Mitigate Climate Change: Contested Discourses of Ecological Modernization, Green Governmentality and Civic Environmentalism’, Global Environmental Politics, 6(1): 50-75. 7 Bäckstrand, K. and E. Lövbrand. (2006) ‘Planting Trees to Mitigate Climate Change: Contested Discourses of Ecological Modernization, Green Governmentality and Civic Environmentalism’, p. 59 8 Capoor, K. and P. Ambrosi (2008) State and Trends of the Carbon Market 2008, Washington DC: World Bank, p. 29. Their pie chart has agro-forestry at 0.1% of the CERs. It also has biomass at 5%, some of which may involve forestry, and ‘other’ at 1%. It is unclear if this figure is just for 2007 projects, or is a cumulative figure. Nevertheless, the proportion of projects in forestry is very small. 9 Hamilton, K., M. Sjardin, T. Marcello, and G. Xu (2008) Forging a Frontier: State of the Voluntary Carbon Markets 2008. Washington DC: Ecosystem Marketplace, p. 6. 10 Smith, K. (2007) The Carbon Neutral Myth: Offset Indulgences for your Climate Sins. Amsterdam: Carbon Trade Watch. For a fuller analysis of the dynamics of legitimisation and delegitimisation of carbon markets, see Paterson, M. (2010 forthcoming) ‘Legitimacy and accumulation in climate change governance’, New Political Economy. 11 Hamilton, K., M. Sjardin, T. Marcello, and G. Xu (2008) Forging a Frontier: State of the Voluntary Carbon Markets 2008, p. 66. 12 Hamilton, K., M. Sjardin, T. Marcello, and G. Xu (2008) Forging a Frontier: State of the Voluntary Carbon Markets 2008, p. 67. 13 The title of Heidi Bachram’s now classic article, see Bachram, H. (2004) ‘Climate Fraud and Carbon Colonialism’, Capitalism, Nature, Socialism, 15(4): 5-20. 14 Hamilton, K., M. Sjardin, T. Marcello, and G. Xu (2008) Forging a Frontier: State of the Voluntary Carbon Markets 2008, pp. 47-58. 15 Hamilton, K., M. Sjardin, T. Marcello, and G. Xu (2008) Forging a Frontier: State of the Voluntary Carbon Markets 2008, p. 55. 16 In particular, the CCX is explicitly not interested in the question of ‘additionality’. That is, it is happy to pay people for carbon credits from practices already being undertaken. The majority of CCX credits are being generated by paying farmers in North America who are already practicing no-till agriculture for their credits. 17 New Carbon Finance, Voluntary Carbon Index, First Edition, 15 September 2008, p. 2, http://www.newcarbonfinance.com/?p=about&i=freereports, accessed 13 November 2008. 18 Hardt M. and A. Negri (2000) Empire. Cambridge MA, Harvard University Press; Hardt M., and A. Negri (2004) Multitude: guerre et démocratie à l’âge de l’Empire. Montréal: Boréal; Klein, N. (2007) The Shock Doctrine: the rise of disaster capitalism. Toronto: Knopf. 19 On the appropriation of the counterculture, see in particular Frank, T. (2001) One market under God: extreme capitalism, market populism and the end of economic democracy. London: Secker & Warburg. 20 This appropriation is often bodily in character – many of the people in carbon trading firms started out in NGOs or thinktanks working on climate change. They take the energy and passion into the marketplace, helping both legitimise the market and shape its character. 21 This of course is Gramsci’s process of ‘passive revolution’, whereby ruling elites adapt the form that their hegemony takes by taking on parts of claims made by subordinate groups in order to neutralise their broader revolutionary goals. See Showstack Sassoon, A. (1982) 253
Critiques ‘Passive Revolution and the Politics of Reform’, in Approaches to Gramsci. London: Writers and Readers, pp. 127-148. 22 See the association’s statements of aims at http://www.cmia.net/membership.php, viewed 22 June 2009. 23 See for example Friends of the Earth US, Subprime Carbon? Re-thinking the world’s largest new derivatives market, Washington DC: Friends of the Earth, March 2009. 24 See Green New Deal Group, A Green New Deal: Joined-up policies to solve the triple crunch of the credit crisis, climate change and high oil prices, London; New Economics Foundation, 2008. 254
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Upsetting the Offset The Political
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Today, at one and the same time, sc
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Upsetting the Offset: The Political
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Contents Contributors Acknowledgmen
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ALTERNATIVES 24 Repaying Africa for
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Contributors co-founder of the open
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Contributors workshops on creativit
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Contributors magazine, Down To Eart
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Acknowledgments First and foremost
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Foreword Offsets Under Kyoto: A Dir
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Forewords While Northern government
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Forewords Carbon trading is one of
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1 Upsetting the Offset: An Introduc
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Upsetting the Offset What are Carbo
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Upsetting the Offset Joint Implemen
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Upsetting the Offset you might crea
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Upsetting the Offset technical jarg
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Upsetting the Offset observed incre
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Upsetting the Offset Given the domi
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Upsetting the Offset 8 Lohmann, L.
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2 Neoliberalism and the Calculable
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Upsetting the Offset ‘equivalent
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Upsetting the Offset commensuration
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Upsetting the Offset Mechanism, yet
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Upsetting the Offset major energy-m
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Upsetting the Offset The troubled t
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Upsetting the Offset 28 Lohmann, L.
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3 Double Jeopardy: Pursuing the Pat
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Upsetting the Offset chapter by arg
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Upsetting the Offset ostensibly seq
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Upsetting the Offset Without foliag
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Upsetting the Offset Although the K
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Upsetting the Offset poisoned strea
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Upsetting the Offset Conclusions Ce
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Upsetting the Offset Georgia, 2006,
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4 How Sustainable are Small-Scale B
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Upsetting the Offset The staple cro
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Upsetting the Offset piles up on ev
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Upsetting the Offset The main sourc
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Upsetting the Offset field was on a
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Upsetting the Offset The success of
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Upsetting the Offset able to resist
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Upsetting the Offset The potential
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Upsetting the Offset ‘choices’
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Upsetting the Offset Yet, these cri
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Upsetting the Offset ‘internation
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Plants linked to a CDM project La M
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Upsetting the Offset supposedly aim
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Upsetting the Offset The CDM is jus
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33 http://www.transalta.com/transal
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Upsetting the Offset would do simpl
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Upsetting the Offset the form of lo
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Upsetting the Offset of proven rese
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Upsetting the Offset The case of th
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Upsetting the Offset reality on the
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Upsetting the Offset 15 World Bank
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Upsetting the Offset A NFA official
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Upsetting the Offset displaced from
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Upsetting the Offset it? By, for ex
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Upsetting the Offset something bett
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Upsetting the Offset International
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Upsetting the Offset 25 Ramos, I. a
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Upsetting the Offset company sells
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Upsetting the Offset The workers ha
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Upsetting the Offset afro-descendan
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10 Clean Conscience Mechanism: A Ca
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Upsetting the Offset environment is
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Upsetting the Offset sulphur compou
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Upsetting the Offset These arrangem
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11 India’s ‘Clean Development
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Upsetting the Offset the CDM projec
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Upsetting the Offset else, how do t
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Upsetting the Offset With India’s
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Upsetting the Offset as a rule, ign
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Upsetting the Offset Development Me
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Upsetting the Offset constitutes of
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Upsetting the Offset slightest by t
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Upsetting the Offset places, as in
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Upsetting the Offset 4 The CDM proj
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Upsetting the Offset Sustainable De
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Upsetting the Offset ! The economic
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14 The MSPL Wind Power CDM Project
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Upsetting the Offset ! Capacity-bui
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Upsetting the Offset been met. Nor
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15 The Deogad Hydroelectric CDM Pro
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Upsetting the Offset 3000, and the
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16 Offsetting Lives and Livelihoods
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Upsetting the Offset GHG driven Cli
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Upsetting the Offset in these calcu
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Upsetting the Offset by the Asian p
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Upsetting the Offset arises with th
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17 Regulation as Corruption in the
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Upsetting the Offset Corruption as
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Upsetting the Offset crop yields, c
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Upsetting the Offset for the volunt
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Upsetting the Offset It should be s
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36 Financial Times, 16 February 200
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Upsetting the Offset the legal or i
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Upsetting the Offset don’t get yo
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Upsetting the Offset This dominant
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Upsetting the Offset Notes 1 Bernst
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Page 292 and 293: Upsetting the Offset 45 WBCSD (2009
Page 294: IV ALTERNATIVES Part IV of the book
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Alternatives that some countries ha
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Alternatives 11 See, e.g., Report o
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Alternatives materials best suited
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Alternatives by industrial farming
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Alternatives longer any other optio
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Alternatives begin to inform the ma
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Alternatives " This article has bee
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Alternatives This definition, of co
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Alternatives Profitability and self
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28 Cycles of Sustainability: From A
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Alternatives campervan, or a modern
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Alternatives anything to challenge
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Alternatives practice by reclaiming
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Alternatives the world appears on a
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Alternatives environment is an ‘e
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29 Towards the Sustainable School:
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Alternatives decision making and pr
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Alternatives the current crop of ch
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Alternatives 340 operative enterpri
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Alternatives sustainability agenda
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Alternatives 36 Wintour, P. (2008)
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Alternatives treatment, organic foo
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Alternatives Bioneers Bioneers is a
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Alternatives This could provide ele
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Alternatives No Till Farming Reduce
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Alternatives It reminds us of a tru
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Afterword On the Road to Copenhagen
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Upsetting the Offset that baseline
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Upsetting the Offset climate action
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Upsetting the Offset and armed mili
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Upsetting the Offset - Transnational Institute

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