Upsetting the Offset - Transnational Institute

Alternatives
11 See, e.g., Report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
on the Relationship Between Climate Change and Human Rights, UN Doc. A/HRC/10/61
(2009).
12 UN Human Rights Council Resolution 7/23, ‘Human Rights and Climate Change’, 28 March
2008, UN Doc. A/HRC/7/78 and UN Human Rights Council Resolution 10/4, ‘Human
Rights and Climate Change’, 25 March 2009, UN Doc. A/HRC/10/29.
13 UN Human Rights Council Resolution 10/4, ‘Human Rights and Climate Change’, 25 March
2009, UN Doc. A/HRC/10/29, preamble, last paragraph.
14 Article 1, Convention on International Civil Aviation, Chicago, 7 December 1944, 15 UNTS
295.
15 Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution, Geneva, 13 November 1979, 1302
UNTS 217.
16 Article 11, Agreement Governing the Activities of States on the Moon and Other Celestial
Bodies, New York, 18 December 1979, reprinted in 18 International Legal Materials 1434 (1979).
17 Preamble, Climate Change Convention (see above).
18 See e.g., Lohmann, L. (2006) Carbon Trading: A Critical Conversation on Climate Change,
Privatisation and Power. Uppsala: Dag Hammarskjold Foundation.
19 See United Nations General Assembly, Declaration of Principle Governing the Sea-Bed and
the Ocean Floor, and the Subsoil Thereof, Beyond the Limits of National Jurisdiction, GA
Res. 2749 (XXV), 17 December 1970, Resolutions Adopted by the General Assembly During
its 25th Session, 15 Sept. - 17 Dec. 1970, GAOR 25th Sess., Supp.28 (A/8028).
20 See e.g., Holmila, E. (2005) ‘Common Heritage of Mankind in the Law of the Sea’, 1 Acta
Societatis Martensis 187, 195.
21 See Part XI, United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Montego Bay, 10 December
1982 and Agreement Relating to the Implementation of Part XI of the United Nations
Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982, New York, 28 July 1994, 1833
UNTS 3.
22 In the case of water, see e.g., for California, National Audubon Society v. Department of Water and
Power of the City of Los Angeles, Supreme Court of California, 17 February 1983, 658 P.2d 709
and for South Africa, Section 3, National Water Act (1998).
23 M.C. Mehta v. Kamal Nath, 1997 1 SCC 388. For a similar example in the United States, see e.g.,
Article 1(27), Pennsylvania Constitution.
24 Id.
25 Cf. Takacs, D. (2008) ‘The Public Trust Doctrine, Environmental Human Rights, and the
Future of Private Property’, New York University Environmental Law Journal, 16: 711, 733.
26 See, e.g., International Institute for Sustainable Development, Per Capita Emission Rights
(1998), http://www.iisd.org/didigest/sep98/sep98.2.htm.
27 Cf. Shue, H. (1993) ‘Subsistence Emissions and Luxury Emissions’, Law & Policy, 15: 39.
28 Cf. Halme, P. (2007) ‘Carbon Debt and the (In)Significance of History’, Trames, 11(4): 346.
29 Greenpeace India (2007) Hiding Behind the Poor: A Report by Greenpeace on Climate
Justice.
30 Anonymous (2007) ‘What Equals Effective’, Down to Earth, 16(14): 62.
31 See, e.g., Kumar, N. and A. Foster (2007) ‘Have CNG Regulations in Delhi Done Their Job?’,
Economic & Political Weekly, 42(51): 48.
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