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Hawksworth ARTICLE (7) When designating a lectotype, neotype, or epitype of a name, remember that this, as other nomenclatural acts, has to be published; an annotation on a label attached to a specimen does not constitute effective typification. (8) Mention any designations of a lectotype, neotype, or epitype in the abstract of the paper in which these are published. Such later typifications are otherwise easily overlooked by other mycologists. Also, record such published typifications in a nomenclatural database if possible. I understand that this facility will be available in MycoBank shortly, and in the future I personally would wish to see this become mandatory for the recognition of later typifications under the Code. (9) In view of the scant and fragile nature of many older type specimens, it is recommended that they never be consulted unless absolutely necessary. Examination of types is essential in the course of revisionary or monographic studies, or to confirm differences from a newly discovered taxon, but inappropriate in the case of routine identifications – except where ex-type cultures are available. Remember that holotypes in particular are irreplaceable and so always merit treatment with respect. Mycologists today sometimes need to consult specimens collected in the 18 th and even the 17 th centuries; unnecessary handling and slide-making may jeopardize the value of the specimens to future generations. (10) Any microscopic preparations from specimens should only be made when essential, and the slides made from the material should be permanently preserved along with the type material from which they were derived. (11) Destructive sampling of dried specimens for DNA extraction should only be undertaken with the prior permission of the curator concerned. This is not, however, a problem where ex-type cultures are available. (12) Any type material received on loan should always be packed carefully and returned using secure delivery services – and within the specified period of the loan. DISCLAIMER The recommendations in this contribution are based on my personal opinions and experience, good taxonomic practice, and questions which I have been asked by other mycologists, particularly ones based in the tropics. The recommendations do not necessarily reflect the views of the Nomenclature Committee for Fungi (NCF), the International Commission on the Taxonomy of Fungi (ICTF), or the International Mycological Association (IMA). Further, the options presented are not claimed to be exhaustive and other possibilities may be appropriate in some instances. In each case mycologists should consult the Code (McNeill et al. 2012) to ensure their actions are in accordance with its provisions. As the Code is now such a complex and even forbidding document, a valuable guide to it and its operation has recently been prepared by Turland (2013); that work merits a place on the shelves of all systematic mycologists. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am indebted to Kevin D. Hyde for stimulating me to prepare this note, which was written while in receipt of funding from the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación project CGL2011-25003. REFERENCES Corner EJH (1946) Suggestions for botanical progress. New Phytologist 45: 185–192. Hawksworth DL (1974) Mycologist’s Handbook: an introduction to the principles of taxonomy and nomenclature in the fungi and lichens. Kew: Commonwealth Mycological Institute. Hawksworth DL (2010) Terms used in Bionomenclature: the naming of organisms (and plant communities). Copenhagen: Global Environment Facility. Hawksworth DL (2012a) Global species numbers of fungi: are tropical studies and molecular approaches contributing to a more robust estimate? Biodiversity and Conservation 21: 2425–2433. Hawksworth DL (2012b) Managing and coping with names of pleomorphic fungi in a period of transition. Mycosphere 3: 143– 155; IMA Fungus 3: 15–24. Hawksworth DL, Kirk PM (1995) Passing round the standards. Nature 378: 341. McNeill J, Barrie FR. Buck WR, Demoulin V, Greuter W, Hawksworth DL, Herendeen PS, Knapp S, Marhold K, Prado J, Prud’homme van Reine WF, Smith GE, Wiersema JH, Turland NJ (eds) (2012) International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code) adopted by the Eighteenth International Botanical Congress, Melbourne, Australia, July 2011. [Regnum Vegetabile no. 154.] Ruggell: ARG Ganter Verlag. Seifert KA, Rossman AY (2010) How to describe a new fungal species. IMA Fungus 1: 109–116. Stafleu FA, Cowan ST (1976–2009) Taxonomic Literature: a selective guide to botanical publications and collections with dates, commentaries and types. 2 nd edn. 7 vols + Supplementum (8 vols). [Regnum Vegetabile, nos. 94, 98, 105, 110, 112, 115, 116, 125, 130, 132, 134, 135, 137, 149, and 150 .] Utrecht: Bohn, Scheltema & Holkema. Turland NJ (2013) The Code Decoded: a user’s guide to the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants. [Regnum Vegetabile, in press.] Ruggell: ARG Gantner Verlag. 158 ima fUNGUS
doi:10.5598/imafungus.2012.03.02.08 IMA Fungus · volume 3 · no 2: 159–173 Two novel species of Aspergillus section Nigri from indoor air Željko Jurjević 1 , Stephen W. Peterson 2 , Gaetano Stea 3 , Michele Solfrizzo 3 , János Varga 4 , Vit Hubka 5 , and Giancarlo Perrone 3 1 EMSL Analytical, Inc., 200 Route 130 North, Cinnaminson, New Jersey 08077 USA; corresponding author e-mail: zjurjevic@emsl.com 2 Bacterial Foodborne Pathogens and Mycology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1815 North University Street, Peoria, Illinois 61604 USA 3 Institute of Sciences of Food Production, CNR, Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy 4 Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary 5 Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Benátská 2, 128 01, Praha 2, Czech Republic ARTICLE Abstract: Aspergillus floridensis and A. trinidadensis spp. nov. are described as novel uniseriate species of Aspergillus section Nigri isolated from air samples. To describe the species we used phenotypes from 7-d Czapek yeast extract agar culture (CYA), creatine agar culture (CREA) and malt extract agar culture (MEA), with support by molecular analysis of the β-tubulin, calmodulin, RNA polymerase II (RPB2), and translation elongation factor-alpha (TEF) gene amplified and sequenced from 56 air isolates and one isolate from almonds belonging to Aspergillus section Nigri. Aspergillus floridensis is closely related to A. aculeatus, and A. trinidadensis is closely related to A. aculeatinus. Aspergillus brunneoviolaceus (syn. A. fijiensis) and A. uvarum are reported for the first time from the USA and from the indoor air environment. The newly described species do not produce ochratoxin A. Key words: Aspergillus brunneoviolaceus Aspergillus floridensis Aspergillus trinidadensis Aspergillus uvarum Aspergillus violaceofuscus black aspergilli environment phylogeny ochratoxin A Article info: Submitted: 21 August 2012; Accepted: 26 November 2012; Published: 30 November 2012. INTRODUCTION Aspergillus section Nigri (Gams et al. 1985), commonly known as the black aspergilli, contains many common species in the environment (Klich 2009), and some have been implicated in human and animal diseases (de Hoog et al. 2000, Abarca et al. 2004, Klich 2009). They have a worldwide distribution and occur on a large variety of substrates including soil, grains, dairy and forage products, various fruit, vegetables, beans and nuts, cotton textiles and fabrics, and meat products (Raper & Fennell 1965, Pitt & Hocking 2007, 2009). Black aspergilli are used in the fermentation industry to produce various enzymes and organic acids (Raper & Fennell 1965, Varga et al. 2000). Some black aspergilli produce ochratoxin A (Abarca et al. 1994, 2003, 2004, Wicklow et al. 1996, Varga et al. 2000, Cabanes et al. 2002, Sage et al. 2004, Samson et al. 2004). Although black aspergilli occur in clinical samples, they are much less frequent than A. fumigatus, A. terreus, or A. flavus. Aspergillus species are widely documented as causative pathogens in invasive and non-invasive infections as well as in allergic reactions especially Types III and IV (Richardson 2005). Indeed, the allergic forms of the disease appear to be “almost exclusively caused by Aspergillus species” (Moss 2002, Knutsen 2011). Some strains of black aspergilli are often misidentified as A. niger due to the difficulties of identifying the species in this group (Samson et al. 2007). Perrone et al. (2012a, b) recognized two new species of black aspergilli that may be involved in human disease from Sri Lanka: A. brunneoviolaceus (= A. fijiensis) in pulmonary aspergillosis, and A. aculeatinus in human dacryocystitis. We collected 56 isolates of black uniseriate Aspergillus species from air (52 homes and four outside samples) from 17 states of the USA, Bermuda, Martinique, Trinidad &Tobago, and one from almonds in the Czech Republic. Using molecular data and macro- and micro-morphological observations, we discovered and describe here two new species related to A. aculeatus and A. aculeatinus. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fungal isolates The provenance of fungal isolates examined is detailed in Table 1. Culture methods Observations were made on Czapek yeast extract agar (CYA), CYA with 20 % sucrose (CY20S), malt extract agar (MEA), oatmeal agar (OA), and creatine agar (CREA), (Pitt 1980, Samson et al. 2004) cultures incubated at 25 °C for 7 d in darkness, and CYA cultures incubated at 5 °C, 35 °C and 37 °C for 7 d. The cultures were grown on one plate as a three-point inoculation and on another plate as a single © 2012 International Mycological Association You are free to share - to copy, distribute and transmit the work, under the following conditions: Attribution: You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Non-commercial: You may not use this work for commercial purposes. No derivative works: You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. For any reuse or distribution, you must make clear to others the license terms of this work, which can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/legalcode. Any of the above conditions can be waived if you get permission from the copyright holder. Nothing in this license impairs or restricts the author’s moral rights. volume 3 · no. 2 159
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The Global Mycological Journal Volu
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Organizing mycology Questions, and
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NEWS Geoffrey C. Ainsworth (1905-19
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y a team of particularly experience
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(ISO 19005). Currently, the ISSN nu
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COST Action FA1103: European scient
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AWARDS Ana Crespo Ana M. Crespo de
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Coal Measure formation and lignin-d
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old, and are interpreted as represe
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Marine Fungi and Fungal-Like Organi
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a particular genome locus, using an
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International and regional meetings
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Merosporangia of Linderina pennispo
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