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Jurjević et al. ARTICLE brunneoviolaceus isolated from the indoor air environment and the first reported isolation in the United States. We found only one isolate of A. aculeatus and three isolates of A. uvarum (Table 1). A. uvarum was previously known only from grapes in the Mediterranean basin (Perrone et al. 2008). This is the first time that A. uvarum was isolated from the indoor air environment and its first isolation in the USA. A. brunneoviolaceus, A. uvarum, and A. violaceofuscus are the uniseriate black aspergilli occurring in the indoor environment in the USA. The A. brunneoviolaceus clade (Fig. 1) showed the presence of two statistically supported subgroups, one included 15 strains and the ex-type strain of A. fijiensis ITEM 7037, while the other included 3 strain (ITEM 14802, 14825, and 14784). Two strains previously characterized as atypical A. aculeatus (ITEM 7047 – the extype strain of A. brunneoviolaceus, and NRRL 359) belong to the same subclade as A. brunneoviolaceus with high bootstrap in all the three phylogenetic analysis conducted (Figs 1–2). These findings confirm the data of Hubka & Kolarik (2012) that suggest treating A. fijiensis as a synonym of A. brunneoviolaceus because they are indistinguishable by multilocus sequence analysis and belong in the same highly supported clade. Then, as A. brunneoviolaceus has been previously described at species level, we suggest treating A. fijiensis as a synonym of it, in agreement with findings of Hubka & Kolarik (2012). The same should be done for A. japonicus and A. violaceofuscus, previously proposed as separate taxa (Varga et al. 2011), as our phylogenetic results do not support this separation and suggest they should be treated as the same taxon; i.e. A. japonicus should be treated as a synonym of A. violaceofuscus which was described earlier. In the case of the atypical A. aculeatus isolate ITEM 4760, although the molecular difference suggests the possible recognition of further new species, there is no unique topology among the four single locus trees. Two loci indicate it belongs to A. brunneoviolaceus and the other two loci form a clade with the A. floridensis (data not shown). When the combined multilocus alignment was conducted, ML, MP, and PP criteria put it close to A. floridensis (Figs 1–2), but not with a high bootstrap/PP value. Phenotypically, the atypical A. aculeatus (ITEM 4760) grows slower on CY20S (30 mm diam) and CYA (70-78 mm diam) after 7 d at 25 °C than A. brunneoviolaceus isolates that grow on CYA < 85 mm (50–75 mm diam 5 d), and CY20S 50–65 mm. ITEM 4760 also has slower growth on CYA when compared with Aspergillus floridensis that grows on CYA 80– 85(> 85) mm diam after 7 d at 25 °C. The phylogenetic analysis evidenced both in single locus and in a multilocus analysis showed that the two strains ITEM 14821 and 14829 of A. trinidadensis belong to the A. aculeatinus clade, a black Aspergillus species known only from Thai coffee beans (Noonim et al. 2008). Finally, the newly described A. floridensis was highly supported in both the MP, ML, and Bayesian analysis (Figs 1–2), and in particular the five strains (Table 1) isolated from different world geographic area belonging in the same group by phylogenetic calmodulin analysis (data not shown). ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We thank Filomena Epifani (ISPA-CNR) for his valuable technical help in growing, DNA extraction, and sequencing of the fungal strains. Frank Robinson (Paul VI High School, Haddonfield, NJ) kindly advised us on Latin usage. J. Varga was partly supported by OTKA grant no. K 84077. Mention of a trade name, proprietary product, or specific equipment does not constitute a guarantee or warranty by the United States Department of Agriculture and does not imply its approval to the exclusion of other products that may be suitable. USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. REFERENCES Abarca ML, Accensi F, Bragulat MR, Castella G, Cabanes FJ (2003) Aspergillus carbonarius as the main source of ochratoxin A contamination in dried wine fruits from the Spanish market. Journal of Food Protection 66: 504–506. Abarca ML, Accensi F, Cano J, Cabanes FJ (2004) Taxonomy and significance of black aspergilli. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 86: 33–49. 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The Global Mycological Journal Volu
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Organizing mycology Questions, and
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NEWS Geoffrey C. Ainsworth (1905-19
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y a team of particularly experience
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(ISO 19005). Currently, the ISSN nu
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COST Action FA1103: European scient
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AWARDS Ana Crespo Ana M. Crespo de
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Coal Measure formation and lignin-d
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old, and are interpreted as represe
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Marine Fungi and Fungal-Like Organi
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a particular genome locus, using an
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International and regional meetings
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Merosporangia of Linderina pennispo
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Merosporangia of Linderina pennispo
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Homortomyces gen. nov. (Dothideomyc
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A new Leucoagaricus species from Sp
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