APSS 2013 Proceedings - The University of Sydney

Aust. Poult. Sci. Symp. 2013.....24
and food security during HPAI outbreaks. Low-pathogenicity notifiable avian influenza
(LPNAI) became reportable to the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) in 2006
because some H5 and H7 low-pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) viruses have the
potential to mutate to HPAI viruses. Fewer outbreaks of LPNAI have been reported than of
HPAI and only six countries used vaccine in control programmes, accounting for 8.1% of the
total H5/H7 AI vaccine usage, as compared to 91.9% of the vaccine used against HPAI. Six
countries have used vaccine to control LPNAI, with the majority being used in Mexico,
Guatemala, El Salvador and Italy. In countries with enzootic HPAI and LPNAI, development
and implementation of exit strategies has been difficult.
d) Future
To improve the success of HPAI and LPNAI control and eradication, several aspects have
been identified as having highest impact:
1. Move from mass vaccination campaigns to targeted vaccination of the reservoir
species or species that have mostly asymptomatic infection. This concentrates
resources to the critical control points;
2. Improve vaccines so that they can be administered easily to the poultry population
such as by aerosols or water vaccination systems;
3. Develop recombinant vaccines for ducks and geese that will protect against
significant disease such a duck viral enteritis, and have an H5 gene insert that will
protect from H5 HPAI;
4. Market and production systems need to be upgraded to improve biosecurity,
encourage one-way movement of live birds to markets, and reward production and
distribution systems that are AI-free;
5. Develop realistic exit strategies for vaccination that are based on risk models and
current production systems in country.
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