PHYS01200704032 Debes Ray - Homi Bhabha National Institute

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Chapter 1: Synthesis, Characterization and Applications of Gold Nanoparticles advantage of microscopic techniques is that it allows the direct visualization of the nanoparticles [1,42]. (i) Scanning Electron Microscopy Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is a powerful and popular technique for imaging the surfaces of almost any material with a resolution down to about 1 nm. The image resolution offered by SEM depends not only on the property of the electron probe, but also on the interaction of the electron probe with the specimen. The interaction of an incident electron beam with the specimen produces secondary electrons, the emission efficiency of which sensitively depends on surface geometry, surface chemical characteristics and bulk chemical composition. SEM can thus provide information about the surface topology, morphology and chemical composition [52]. The high resolution capability afforded by SEM makes it convenient for probing nanoparticles of which the structural features on the nanoscale are critical to their properties and functionalities. Interaction between the electron beam and the sample generates back scattered electrons (BSE), X-ray, secondary electrons (SE) and Auger electrons in a thick or bulk sample. These various electrons are detected in SEM and the signal detected contains information about the specimen under investigation. BSE is more sensitive to heavier elements than SE. The X-ray radiation can be detected in a technique called energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy that can be used to identify specific elements [53]. (ii) Transmission Electron Microscopy Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is a high spatial resolution structural and chemical characterization tool. A modern TEM has the capability to directly image atoms in crystalline specimens at resolutions close to 0.1 nm, smaller than interatomic distance. An electron beam can also be focused allowing quantitative chemical analysis from a single nanoparticle. This 18
Chapter 1: Synthesis, Characterization and Applications of Gold Nanoparticles type of analysis is extremely important for characterizing materials at a length scale from atoms to hundreds of nanometers. TEM can be used to characterize nanomaterials to gain information about particle size, shape, crystallinity, and interparticle interaction [42,54]. One major difference between SEM and TEM is that TEM detects transmitted electrons whereas SEM detects backscattered and/or secondary electrons. While both techniques can provide topological, morphological and compositional information about the sample, TEM can provide crystallographic information as well. In addition, TEM allows for diffraction patterns to be detected that also contain useful crystallographic information about the sample [42]. (iii) Scanning Probe Microscopy Scanning probe microscopy (SPM) represents a group of techniques, including scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), that have been extensively applied to characterize nanostructures with atomic or subatomic spatial resolution. A common characteristic of these techniques is that an atom sharp tip scans across the specimen surface and images are formed by either measuring the current flowing through the tip or the force acting on the tip. SPM can be operated in a number of environmental conditions, in a variety of different liquids or gases, allowing direct imaging of nanoparticle surfaces. It allows viewing and manipulation of objects on the nanoscale and its invention is a major milestone in nanotechnology [55]. The STM is based on the concept of quantum tunneling. When a conducting tip is brought very near to the surface to be examined, a bias (voltage difference) applied between the two can allow electrons to tunnel through the vacuum between them. The resulting tunneling current is a function of tip position, applied voltage and the local density of states of the sample. Information is acquired by monitoring the current as the tip's position 19
Page 1 and 2: SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF B
Page 3 and 4: STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertati
Page 5 and 6: DECLARATION I, hereby declare that
Page 7 and 8: Acknowledgements I would like to ex
Page 9 and 10: 2. BLOCK COPOLYMER-MEDIATED SYNTHES
Page 11 and 12: 5. CORRELATING BLOCK COPOLYMER SELF
Page 13 and 14: SYNOPSIS OF THE THESIS TO BE SUBMIT
Page 15 and 16: synthesis for its dependence on gol
Page 17 and 18: interactions between the templating
Page 19 and 20: utilized in the formation of nanopa
Page 21 and 22: nanoparticle-protein conjugate conf
Page 23 and 24: LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1. The len
Page 25 and 26: Figure 4.2. UV-visible absorption s
Page 27 and 28: Figure 5.9. (a) Absorbance (Abs max
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Chapter 3: Multi-Technique Approach
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d/d (Q) (cm -1 ) S(Q) P(Q) Chapter
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d/d (cm -1 ) P(Q) Chapter 3: Multi-
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Chapter 4 Optimization of the Block
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Chapter 4: Optimization of the Bloc
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SPR Peak Absorbance Absorbance Chap
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Absorbance Integrated Absorbance /
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Absorbance Chapter 4: Optimization
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SPR peak absorbance Chapter 4: Opti
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d/d (cm -1 ) Chapter 4: Optimizatio
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g I ()-1 Integrated Scattering Inte
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Relative number (%) Chapter 4: Opti
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Chapter 5 Correlating Block Copolym
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Chapter 5: Correlating Block Copoly
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d/d (cm -1 ) Chapter 5: Correlating
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Absorbance Absorbance Chapter 5: Co
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Integrated Absorbance / Yield Absor
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Absorbance Absorbance Chapter 5: Co
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Chapter 6 High-Yield Synthesis of G
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Chapter 6: High-Yield Synthesis of
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Absorbance Chapter 6: High-Yield Sy
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Absorbance Chapter 6: High-Yield Sy
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d/d (cm -1 ) Chapter 6: High-Yield
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d/d (cm -1 ) Chapter 6: High-Yield
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Intensity (a.u.) Chapter 6: High-Yi
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g I ()-1 Chapter 6: High-Yield Synt
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Absorbance Integrated Absorbance /
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Chapter 7: Interaction of Gold Nano
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d/d (cm -1 ) Absorbance Chapter 7:
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Integrated Absorbance / Yield (a.u.
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Absorbance Absorbance Chapter 7: In
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d/d (cm -1 ) Chapter 7: Interaction
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d/d (cm -1 ) d/d (cm -1 ) Chapter 7
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Chapter 8: Summary Chapter 1 introd
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Chapter 8: Summary hence synthesis.
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Chapter 8: Summary irrespective of
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24. R. Elghanian, J.J. Storhoff, R.
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69. J.F. Hainfeld, D.N. Slatkin, T.
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119. N.S. Cameron, M.K. Corbierre a
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165. J.H. Lambert, Photometria sive
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210. D. Ray and V.K. Aswal, Confere
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9. SANS Studies of Temperature-depe
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14. Multi-technique Approach for th
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PHYS01200704032 Debes Ray - Homi Bhabha National Institute

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