John Taylor & Sons - Hyder Consulting
John Taylor & Sons - Hyder Consulting
John Taylor & Sons - Hyder Consulting
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<strong>John</strong> <strong>Taylor</strong> & <strong>Sons</strong><br />
Ameria pumping station under construction, Greater Cairo Wastewater Project, Egypt.
<strong>John</strong> <strong>Taylor</strong> & <strong>Sons</strong>: water engineering and<br />
sanitation, 1869 to 1987<br />
Modern society in the developed world may take<br />
for granted clean water supplies, sanitation and<br />
sewerage services that ensure our current good<br />
health and longevity, but it was the pioneering<br />
work of the enlightened engineers and<br />
entrepreneurs of the early Victorian age that<br />
helped to achieve this.<br />
The founding father of <strong>John</strong> <strong>Taylor</strong> & <strong>Sons</strong>,<br />
<strong>John</strong> <strong>Taylor</strong> (1817 to 1891), was only eight years<br />
old when his father, a doctor, died of typhoid<br />
fever. He himself suffered from the disease but<br />
fortunately made a recovery and retained an<br />
abiding interest in public health and hygiene. He<br />
explained in Early Record of My Life, notes he<br />
made at the age of 72: “I was born on 12th May<br />
1817. On ‘The Walk’ High Street Sunderland.<br />
Shortly after this my Father removed to Villiars<br />
Street which is the place of my earliest recollections.<br />
‘The Walk’ was (or is now so called) opposite the<br />
subscription Library of which my father was one<br />
of the founders. He was a surgeon of considerable<br />
talent and eminent in his day as an opperator<br />
(sic) for the removal of cataract from the eye. At<br />
the time of my birth he was in his 31st year and<br />
he died of Typhus fever then epidemic in<br />
Sunderland, in October 1825.<br />
“I was stricken with the same malady and lay<br />
insensible for 3 weeks, the only slight perception<br />
of existence of anything I had during this time,<br />
being the consciousness of being carried to his<br />
bed to be kissed in his last moments. So ill was I<br />
that his grave (I was afterwards told) was kept<br />
open 3 weeks, my mother thinking I should have<br />
to be laid there also.”<br />
<strong>John</strong> <strong>Taylor</strong> was 14 when he began work at a<br />
local timber merchant. “I was enjoying my life as<br />
usual when my mother told me one morning I was<br />
not to return to Houghton School as she had got<br />
a place for me as clerk in Timber merchants office<br />
and I was to go there at once. Well, this seemed<br />
the end of my childhood’s happy days - for henceforward<br />
I was to be in training for the stern necessities<br />
for making my own living in the world….”<br />
In the <strong>Taylor</strong> family papers is a letter from his<br />
employer to <strong>Taylor</strong>’s mother saying: “he is so<br />
inattentive that it inconveniences us; and<br />
recommending that he be put in an Engineer’s<br />
office”. It seems that this was organised as one of<br />
his best friends was the son of James Milton,<br />
engineer to the Wear Commissioners. After three<br />
years <strong>John</strong> <strong>Taylor</strong> left the merchants’ office to go<br />
into civil engineering on the<br />
construction of the Wearmouth<br />
Docks in Sunderland, designed<br />
by Isambard Kingdom Brunel,<br />
and later the Hartlepool Docks.<br />
At the age of 19, <strong>Taylor</strong> moved<br />
to London to work on Brunel’s<br />
Great Western Railway, from<br />
London to Bristol, and was put<br />
in charge of the construction of<br />
the Wharncliffe Viaduct, west of<br />
Hanwell. The viaduct was named after Lord<br />
Wharncliffe who supported the 1835 Act, which<br />
incorporated the Great Western Railway, and<br />
magnificently carries the railway over the River<br />
Brent.<br />
In 1837, aged 20, <strong>Taylor</strong> was engaged by<br />
James Simpson in London and he began his<br />
outstanding career producing cleaner water and<br />
sanitation services which have led to life-saving<br />
improvements in public health.<br />
James Simpson and his father before him,<br />
Thomas, together held the position of engineer<br />
at the Chelsea Water Works Company and at<br />
the Lambeth Waterworks Company for 85 years<br />
until James’ death in 1869. Thomas Simpson had<br />
been a millwright; one of a group of skilled men<br />
engaged in the design, construction, maintenance<br />
and repair of the thousands of watermills and<br />
windmills around the country. Thomas’s<br />
pioneering work was undertaken at a time when<br />
the old wooden mains started to be replaced by<br />
cast iron mains in the late 18th century. Leakage<br />
was still a major problem, but Thomas overcame<br />
the problem of making spigot and socket joints<br />
Elm water main.<br />
James Simpson, 1799-1869<br />
Trained by father Thomas Simpson,<br />
established the first major water<br />
engineering consultancy in 1823.<br />
Responsible for the promotion<br />
and/or design of waterworks in<br />
various towns and cities in UK and<br />
overseas. President of the<br />
(Smeatonian) Society of Civil<br />
Engineers in 1850, President of the<br />
Institution of Civil Engineers in<br />
1853-1854. Fellow of the Geological<br />
Society, 1845.<br />
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<strong>John</strong> <strong>Taylor</strong> & <strong>Sons</strong><br />
watertight by stuffing the socket tight with tow<br />
(strands of fax or hemp) and sealing the exposed<br />
annular space with lead. This major invention of<br />
spigot and socket joints for cast iron pipes was a<br />
great contribution to water engineering and<br />
made it possible to lay water-tight pipes with<br />
increased water pressure, which led to the<br />
adoption of a constant water supply.<br />
In 1821, two years before his death, Thomas<br />
Simpson was amongst the experts called to testify<br />
to a Select Committee appointed by Parliament:<br />
“to enquire into the past and present state of the<br />
supply of Water to the Metropolis….”. He advised<br />
that cast iron pipes were essential to provide a<br />
constantly pressurised service for 24 hours a day<br />
and in order to achieve “high service” – to upper<br />
floors of buildings.<br />
When James Simpson succeeded his father<br />
to the two part-time positions as engineer at the<br />
Chelsea and Lambeth Waterworks in 1823, he was<br />
able to establish one of the first engineering<br />
consultancy practices as well as create a major<br />
manufactory for steam engines and pumps,<br />
J.Simpson & Co. which made significant technical<br />
advances in their design. The water engineering<br />
consultancy that he established in Great George<br />
Street, Westminster, was the founding firm from<br />
which <strong>John</strong> <strong>Taylor</strong> & <strong>Sons</strong> developed. James<br />
Simpson was responsible for the successful<br />
development of the slow sand filter for water<br />
purification and pioneered the moving of the<br />
intakes of the London water companies<br />
upstream above Teddington Lock to the nontidal<br />
Thames. This latter move provided the<br />
evidence for Dr <strong>John</strong> Snow who, by<br />
examining the statistics of those<br />
contracting cholera in the different areas<br />
in 1855, determined that it was a<br />
waterborne disease. This led to its<br />
eradication in London and elsewhere.<br />
The introduction of the slow sand filter by<br />
Simpson in 1828 was one of the most important<br />
events in the history of water engineering. In<br />
London, the ban prohibiting the connection of<br />
house drains to streams and sewers was lifted in<br />
1815 leading to many complaints about the<br />
deterioration of the water quality. In 1827, a<br />
Petition was laid before Parliament by Sir Francis<br />
Burdett which stated: “That the water taken<br />
from the river Thames at Chelsea, for the use of<br />
the inhabitants of the western portion of the<br />
Metropolis, being charged with the contents of<br />
the great common sewers, the drainings of<br />
dunghills, and laystalls, the refuse of hospitals,<br />
slaughter-houses, colour, lead and soap works,<br />
drug mills and manufactories, and with all sorts<br />
of decomposed animal and vegetable<br />
substances, rendering the said water offensive<br />
and destructive to health, ought no longer to be<br />
taken up by any of the water companies.”<br />
Although some filtration schemes were<br />
already in use in Scotland, Simpson<br />
experimented until he devised his first slow sand<br />
filter bed for the Chelsea works, a system which<br />
has proved to be both effective and is still in use<br />
today worldwide, although rapid gravity filters<br />
have since been developed.<br />
Three years after joining James Simpson,<br />
<strong>John</strong> <strong>Taylor</strong> became manager and head<br />
draughtsman at Simpson’s Engineering<br />
Manufactory in Pimlico. The engines and pumps<br />
designed and manufactured there were, in most<br />
instances, specified in the water engineering<br />
projects that Simpson undertook. He went on to<br />
develop compound steam engines for driving<br />
pumps by the 1850s. Simpson and later <strong>John</strong><br />
<strong>Taylor</strong>, were pre-eminent in their field in their<br />
parallel activities as consultant water engineers.<br />
Factory of J. Simpson & Co. 101 Grosvenor Rd, Pimlico, England.<br />
As the railway network in the UK spread in<br />
the 1830s and 1840s and towns and cities<br />
expanded rapidly, their primitive water supply<br />
systems became inadequate, with the result that<br />
venture capitalists established companies to<br />
provide services for the increased domestic and<br />
industrial demand.<br />
67
<strong>John</strong> <strong>Taylor</strong> & sons: water engineering and sanitation, 1869 to 1987<br />
Pipes being laid from the Serpentine to a reservoir in<br />
Hyde Park, London.<br />
By 1842, <strong>John</strong> <strong>Taylor</strong> was chief assistant at<br />
Simpson’s consulting engineering office in<br />
Westminster, in an area close to Parliament. As all<br />
the significant engineering schemes required an<br />
Act of Parliament, consultancy offices were<br />
established in or close to Great George Street to<br />
be convenient for frequent attendance at<br />
Parliamentary Committee meetings which<br />
discussed proposed schemes. <strong>Taylor</strong> prepared<br />
most of the parliamentary schemes for Simpson<br />
and was responsible for the design and<br />
supervision of many of his projects. Amongst<br />
these were waterworks for Aberdeen, Bristol,<br />
Cambridge, Cardiff, Carlisle, Newcastle upon<br />
Tyne, Reading, and York as well as for other<br />
locations and for sewers in London. When the<br />
Lambeth Waterworks Company decided to move<br />
their water intake from the Thames in 1849, <strong>John</strong><br />
<strong>Taylor</strong> undertook the design and construction on<br />
behalf of Simpson for the new works upstream at<br />
Kingston which incorporated many innovative<br />
features.<br />
<strong>Taylor</strong> assisted Simpson in the reconstruction<br />
and extension of Southend Pier which then<br />
became renowned as the longest pier in Europe.<br />
It was originally a wooden structure 200yd<br />
(182m) long which was opened in 1830.<br />
However, it was unusable at low tide and was<br />
extended to 1 /3 mile (0.5km) three years later.<br />
Virtually destroyed by borers a few years later, it<br />
was rebuilt and extended in 1846 to a length of<br />
1 1 /3 miles (2.1km) to allow not only promenading<br />
by the sea but to facilitate the mooring of three<br />
large steamships alongside. Approximately 40<br />
years later Southend Pier was replaced with an<br />
iron structure with a railway running along its<br />
length. It was twice lengthened again due to<br />
silting of the Thames estuary and lengthened in<br />
1932 to 1 1 /2 miles (2.4km) to become the longest<br />
pier in the world.<br />
Another project with Simpson was the<br />
Hartlepool Docks which led <strong>John</strong> <strong>Taylor</strong> back to<br />
the north of England where he had previously<br />
worked on Hartlepool’s first dock in 1834.<br />
<strong>Taylor</strong> succeeded Simpson as engineer to the<br />
Lambeth Waterworks Company in 1869 on<br />
Simpson’s death and entered into partnership<br />
with one (possibly two) of Simpson’s sons. <strong>Taylor</strong><br />
concentrated on the civil side with the Simpsons<br />
on the mechanical side until the partnership<br />
came to an end three years later.<br />
<strong>John</strong> <strong>Taylor</strong> established his own consulting<br />
engineering practice in 1872, taking his son<br />
Brough <strong>Taylor</strong> into partnership in 1882 and son<br />
Midgley <strong>Taylor</strong> in 1884; thus creating <strong>John</strong> <strong>Taylor</strong><br />
& <strong>Sons</strong>. Projects included the appointment as<br />
consulting engineer to the following towns and<br />
<strong>John</strong> <strong>Taylor</strong>, 1817-1891<br />
Engaged on construction of<br />
Wearmouth Docks, Sunderland and<br />
Hartlepool Docks, then on Great<br />
Western Railway for Isambard<br />
Kingdom Brunel. Employed by<br />
James Simpson until 1869, on<br />
various projects for Chelsea Water<br />
Company. Prepared parliamentary<br />
schemes for waterworks in many<br />
towns and cities including Lambeth<br />
Waterworks Company introducing<br />
many novel features. Engaged on<br />
series of gaugings of the flow of<br />
sewers for the Royal Main Drainage<br />
Commission in 1857. <strong>Consulting</strong><br />
Engineer to many water companies.<br />
Chief Engineer to New River<br />
Company. Member of the Institution<br />
of Civil Engineers, 1869. Established<br />
own consultancy in 1872 and <strong>John</strong><br />
<strong>Taylor</strong> & <strong>Sons</strong>, 1884.<br />
Simpson’s compound beam<br />
pumping engine at Lambeth<br />
Waterworks, London.<br />
Southend pier, Essex, England.<br />
68
<strong>John</strong> <strong>Taylor</strong> & <strong>Sons</strong><br />
Colne Valley Water Company steam<br />
beam pumping engine, 1911.<br />
Edward Brough <strong>Taylor</strong>,<br />
1856-1941<br />
Elder son of <strong>John</strong> <strong>Taylor</strong>, worked in<br />
his father’s office and engaged on<br />
extensive works for Bristol<br />
Waterworks Company. Taken into<br />
partnership in 1882, forming <strong>John</strong><br />
<strong>Taylor</strong> & <strong>Sons</strong> in 1884. Responsible<br />
as Senior Partner for design for<br />
large extensions for Bristol, Colne<br />
Valley, Chatham, Aldershot and<br />
Herne Bay water companies<br />
amongst others. Advised the<br />
Shanghai Waterworks Company for<br />
many years. Member of the<br />
Institution of Civil Engineers from<br />
1890, Member of the Institution of<br />
Mechanical Engineers and a Fellow<br />
of the Geological Society.<br />
water companies: Bridgnorth, Bristol, Cardiff,<br />
Chatham, Colne Valley, Enfield, Glasgow, Herne<br />
Bay, Ilford, Manchester, Margam, Newport,<br />
Oswestry, Pokesdown, Shrewsbury, Southwick<br />
and Portslade, Stroud, Taunton, Truro, and West<br />
Bromwich. For many of these associations, the<br />
relationship continued for over 100 years.<br />
For example, the Colne Valley Water<br />
Company became the firm’s longest continuous<br />
client. After the water company was formed in<br />
1873, <strong>John</strong> <strong>Taylor</strong> was appointed consultant, a<br />
relationship which continued until 1994 when<br />
Colne Valley Water amalgamated with other<br />
companies to form the Three Valleys Water<br />
Company. The firm designed various reservoirs<br />
and, after Three Valleys Water Company was<br />
formed, a new water supply scheme involving<br />
raw water abstraction from the Thames was<br />
engineered with Binnie & Partners (now Black<br />
& Veatch).<br />
<strong>John</strong> <strong>Taylor</strong> undertook pioneering studies in<br />
the latter half of the 19th century at a time when<br />
little research had been undertaken in the field of<br />
water engineering. These included a report on<br />
the flow of the River Thames from 1853 to 1880<br />
to the Institution of Civil Engineers and to the<br />
Royal Commission on the Main Drainage of the<br />
Metropolis in 1857. <strong>Taylor</strong> was appointed by the<br />
Commission to undertake gaugings of the flows<br />
in various sewers, which were taken every 15<br />
minutes, and included in his report which ran to<br />
over 90 pages and appeared as Appendix lll to<br />
the Commission’s own report.<br />
In 1869, a series of letters, originally written<br />
by <strong>John</strong> <strong>Taylor</strong> to the Courier Newspaper<br />
between November 1866 and April 1867, were<br />
published as a pamphlet entitled Facts and<br />
Fallacies……chiefly with reference to Constant<br />
Service and a Future Source of Supply. In the<br />
preface to the series of letters <strong>Taylor</strong> writes: “The<br />
interval of time that has passed since the writing<br />
of the Letters, has also been productive of<br />
valuable experience with regard to water<br />
supplies on the constant service system to towns<br />
from gravitation works. During the past year<br />
(1868) almost all such supplies throughout the<br />
United Kingdom have, more or less, failed; and<br />
the inhabitants, for two or three of the hottest<br />
and thirstiest months of the year have been<br />
reduced to water supplies varying from twelve<br />
hours per day, down to six hours – four hours –<br />
and lastly, to one day only per week; as was the<br />
case at the town of Bradford, where sixty<br />
thousand people in the upper level district were,<br />
for sixteen weeks, reduced to this strait. All the<br />
evils alluded to in the following pages were thus<br />
experienced; and the inhabitants, having no<br />
cisterns, had to store in all sorts of temporary<br />
receptacles, water for use during the sixteen or<br />
twenty hours in which the supply was shut up<br />
and husbanded for the next day’s dole.<br />
“The complainants of the inferior water<br />
supply of London will thus receive comfort and<br />
satisfaction, on being able to contemplate what<br />
must have been the annoyances and<br />
inconveniences experienced by the inhabitants<br />
of such towns as compared with their own,<br />
when they reflect that the Metropolis, during the<br />
late hot season, was served uninterruptedly with<br />
an ample supply of water.”<br />
<strong>Taylor</strong> argued against constant service<br />
(supply) in spite of the fact that it became<br />
mandatory by 1857 under the 1852 Act. His<br />
argument was based on the amount of wasted<br />
water and cost involved. He also argued against<br />
schemes to import water from the River Severn<br />
or South Wales to provide future water sources<br />
for London, convinced that the Thames Valley<br />
would provide sufficient<br />
resources.<br />
Series of letters<br />
published in the Courier, 1866 to 1867.<br />
69
<strong>John</strong> <strong>Taylor</strong> & sons: water engineering and sanitation, 1869 to 1987<br />
In 1868, <strong>John</strong> <strong>Taylor</strong> presented a report on<br />
Gravitational water supply of large towns for<br />
the Chairmen of the London water companies, in<br />
which he pointed out that none of the schemes<br />
supplying the cities of Bristol, Glasgow, Liverpool,<br />
Manchester and Newcastle upon Tyne had<br />
achieved their anticipated water supply in a dry<br />
year. Calculations, he argued, should be based on<br />
minimum, not average, rainfall and that there<br />
should be at least one year’s storage capacity.<br />
<strong>Taylor</strong> was appointed chief engineer of the<br />
New River Company in 1882; the New River is<br />
still an important water source for London. He<br />
resigned due to ill health in 1890 and died the<br />
following year, aged 74. Edward Brough <strong>Taylor</strong><br />
became Senior Partner in <strong>John</strong> <strong>Taylor</strong> & <strong>Sons</strong> on<br />
his father’s death and continued in this role for<br />
50 years until he died in 1941 at the age of 84.<br />
Brough had given nearly 70 years of service to<br />
the firm. He travelled to Newfoundland to<br />
advise on water supply, and to Genoa to advise<br />
on a project on regional water supplies. He was<br />
an advisor to the Shanghai Waterworks Company<br />
on their extensive pumping plant for many years<br />
and visited Russia to prepare a scheme for the<br />
augmentation and purification of the existing<br />
supply to St Petersburg from Lake Ladoga.<br />
Shanghai Waterworks Company, original contract<br />
document.<br />
The Shanghai Waterworks Company had<br />
been incorporated in London in 1880 and <strong>John</strong><br />
<strong>Taylor</strong> & <strong>Sons</strong> became the the Company's<br />
technical advisor and continued in this role until<br />
the 1930s. The firm designed pumping stations,<br />
and fabricated steel units and other mechanical<br />
plant which were inspected and tested before<br />
transportation to China.<br />
For Karachi, India (now Pakistan) Brough<br />
<strong>Taylor</strong> was responsible for improving the<br />
mechanical plant for the city’s waterworks<br />
including two new pumping stations with steamdriven<br />
three throw well pumps, boilers,<br />
economisers, flues and chimneys at a value of<br />
£70,000.<br />
In the UK, Brough <strong>Taylor</strong> was an<br />
acknowledged expert on all aspects of water<br />
supply and treatment, particularly relating to<br />
supplies from chalk aquifers. He was responsible<br />
for the extensive works for the Bristol<br />
Waterworks Company. With Sir Wolfe Barry, he<br />
was one of the three engineering experts<br />
involved in the arbitration proceedings arising<br />
out of the establishment of the Metropolitan<br />
Water Board in 1902 -1904.<br />
After specialising in mathematics and<br />
chemistry at King’s College, London,<br />
(Gotfred) Midgley <strong>Taylor</strong> was articled to<br />
his father in 1880. For <strong>John</strong> <strong>Taylor</strong> &<br />
<strong>Sons</strong>, he was resident engineer for the<br />
Lambeth Company at Surbiton in<br />
charge of construction and erection<br />
of an engine house, pumping<br />
machinery, filter beds and other<br />
works. Midgley specialised in<br />
sewerage and sewage treatment<br />
projects and on his death The<br />
Engineer of June 17th, 1927<br />
stated: “that there were very<br />
few of the large sewage<br />
disposal undertakings with<br />
which he was not directly<br />
or indirectly associated”.<br />
He advised on water and<br />
sewerage schemes in Aden (now Yemen),<br />
Auckland, Bombay (now Mumbai), Port Elizabeth,<br />
St Petersburg and Singapore and was one of the<br />
first British engineers to design a sewage works<br />
using the activated sludge process.<br />
(Gotfred) Midgley <strong>Taylor</strong>,<br />
1861-1927<br />
Younger son of <strong>John</strong> <strong>Taylor</strong>,<br />
articled to his father, Resident<br />
Engineer for Lambeth Waterworks<br />
Company, entered partnership in<br />
1884 forming <strong>John</strong> <strong>Taylor</strong> & <strong>Sons</strong>.<br />
Engaged on water and drainage<br />
schemes for many towns and<br />
cities, and overseas for<br />
Auckland, Singapore, Bombay<br />
and St Petersburg. Became leading<br />
authority on sewage disposal,<br />
designing many systems and<br />
acting as expert witness before<br />
Parliament during passage of Bills.<br />
Founder Chairman of Associaton of<br />
<strong>Consulting</strong> Engineers, 1913.<br />
Member of Institution of Civil<br />
Engineers, the Chemical Society<br />
and the Royal Sanitary Institute.<br />
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<strong>John</strong> <strong>Taylor</strong> & <strong>Sons</strong><br />
William Santo Crimp, 1853-1901<br />
Engineer and Surveyor to the<br />
Wimbledon Local Board where he<br />
introduced novel techniques for<br />
the sewage treatment system.<br />
District Engineer for London County<br />
Council responsible for London’s<br />
Main Drainage Scheme north of<br />
the Thames. Partner <strong>John</strong> <strong>Taylor</strong> &<br />
<strong>Sons</strong> from 1893. Advised Indian<br />
authorities on drainage and water<br />
supply. Parliamentary witness for<br />
Corporation Bills being considered,<br />
until sudden death. Co-author of<br />
Crimp & Bruges Tables. Member of<br />
Institution of Civil Engineers, Fellow<br />
of Surveyors’ Institute and the<br />
Geological Institute.<br />
<strong>John</strong> <strong>Taylor</strong> & <strong>Sons</strong> were retained as the<br />
Bombay Municipality’s London agent for over<br />
20 years, inspecting all mechanical equipment<br />
and designing buildings for the sewerage system.<br />
Midgley <strong>Taylor</strong> visited Bombay in 1903 to<br />
investigate and report on the surcharging of the<br />
city’s sewers. With George Strachan, he produced<br />
a major document Bombay Municipality –<br />
Report on Sewers, 1904 recommending the<br />
provision of four new pumps, the installation of a<br />
detritus chamber, improved and new outfalls and<br />
the reconstruction of some sewers.<br />
The Colony of Aden was originally<br />
administered from Bombay and it was as a result<br />
of Midgley <strong>Taylor</strong>’s visit to India in 1904 that the<br />
firm was invited to advise on Aden’s water<br />
supplies. The recommendation was to sink wells<br />
in Sheikh Othman, now a suburb of Aden, to<br />
extract water from an underground aquifer which<br />
went out to sea. The wells were used for the next<br />
80 years, until they were decommissioned by<br />
<strong>John</strong> <strong>Taylor</strong> & <strong>Sons</strong>.<br />
In New Zealand, Midgley <strong>Taylor</strong> visited<br />
Auckland in 1907 to 1908 to advise on the main<br />
drainage for the city. The recommended scheme,<br />
similar to the one for London but serving a<br />
population of 250,000, was adopted at an<br />
estimated cost of £450,000.<br />
The international reputation of the firm was<br />
well established by this time with the Financial<br />
Times of 30th June, 1914 reporting a speech by<br />
the Chairman of the Russian Mining Corporation,<br />
who said of <strong>John</strong> <strong>Taylor</strong> & <strong>Sons</strong> that the firm was<br />
“probably the most prominent water and<br />
drainage engineers in the country.”<br />
A major contribution to this prestigious<br />
reputation was made by William Santo Crimp,<br />
a specialist in drainage and sewage purification,<br />
who joined <strong>John</strong> <strong>Taylor</strong> & <strong>Sons</strong> in 1893 in<br />
partnership with the two brothers Brough and<br />
Midgley <strong>Taylor</strong>. Then 40 years old, he already<br />
had an excellent track record having worked as<br />
resident engineer for sewerage works for Melton<br />
Mowbray and as engineer and surveyor to the<br />
Wimbledon Local Board, where he conducted<br />
experiments into methods for treating sewage<br />
and sludge. In 1890, he was appointed district<br />
engineer to the London County Council in<br />
charge of London’s Main Drainage Scheme<br />
north of the Thames.<br />
Crimp travelled to Bombay for <strong>John</strong> <strong>Taylor</strong><br />
& <strong>Sons</strong> in 1899 to investigate and report on<br />
drainage and water supplies for that city, as well<br />
as advising the authorities in Cawnpore, Poona,<br />
Simla and Surat. His services were retained as a<br />
parliamentary witness for most of the Corporation<br />
Bills considered until he died of pneumonia at<br />
the early age of 47.<br />
He became a household name for 20th<br />
century sanitary engineers, after publication of<br />
the Crimp & Bruges Tables, the designer’s<br />
“bible”, with his co-author C E Bruges. The tables<br />
were based on experiments carried out in 1897<br />
and provided the flow capacity through pipes of<br />
varying sizes, roughness and gradients for both<br />
circular and egg-shaped pipes. A metric version<br />
was published in the 1960s.<br />
The term “main drainage” had only come<br />
into common usage during the second half of the<br />
19th century to describe the systems of drainage<br />
used to remove foul sewage and storm water in<br />
urban areas. As pollution increased, water-borne<br />
sewerage systems were constructed to convey<br />
liquid wastes and rainwater to the nearest river.<br />
The infrastructure for London’s sewerage system<br />
was constructed between 1859 and 1865 and<br />
later settlement tanks were built to remove some<br />
of the solids before being discharged into the<br />
Thames. The sludge was taken by barge to be<br />
tipped into the North Sea. Sewage farms were<br />
constructed near inland towns where the sewage<br />
flowed over land before discharge to a<br />
watercourse.<br />
Another outstanding family member, Godrey<br />
Midgley Chassereau <strong>Taylor</strong>, son of Midgley <strong>Taylor</strong>,<br />
joined <strong>John</strong> <strong>Taylor</strong> & <strong>Sons</strong> in 1907 and became a<br />
partner in 1912. He had been an outstanding<br />
scholar at Cambridge reading for the Mechanical<br />
Sciences Tripos. Before the outbreak of the First<br />
World War he was engaged on investigations and<br />
designs for St Petersburg water supply and<br />
sewerage systems. Like many of the staff he<br />
joined the services in the war and was awarded<br />
the Military Cross for “distinguished services in<br />
the field”. Then followed five decades of<br />
consultancy by Godfrey <strong>Taylor</strong> for a number of<br />
water companies throughout the UK including<br />
Bristol, Colne Valley, Chatham, Herne Bay,<br />
Dorking, Barnet, and West Surrey and<br />
appearances before Parliamentary Committees.<br />
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<strong>John</strong> <strong>Taylor</strong> & sons: water engineering and sanitation, 1869 to 1987<br />
Outside the UK, he visited Cairo in 1935 and<br />
Baghdad in 1947 to advise on sewerage and<br />
sewage disposal problems, and established a<br />
relationship for <strong>John</strong> <strong>Taylor</strong> & <strong>Sons</strong> which led to<br />
major projects later in the century. He had been<br />
invited to Cairo to investigate problems with the<br />
sewerage and sewage treatment systems and to<br />
review extensions which had been proposed by<br />
local officials. His interim report recommended<br />
the immediate construction of a 60in [1.5m]<br />
diameter rising main and a third collector sewer<br />
together with changes to the administration of<br />
the pumping stations. The main report<br />
confirmed the necessity for the urgent works,<br />
reported on corrosion and silting in the collector<br />
sewers, the provision for the unsewered area of<br />
Giza on the west bank and the management of<br />
pumping stations and the sewage farm. As with<br />
so many other projects, work was abandoned<br />
before much progress had been made by the<br />
intervention of the Second World War, but <strong>John</strong><br />
<strong>Taylor</strong> & <strong>Sons</strong> were to return to Cairo almost 50<br />
years later to undertake one of the world’s largest<br />
public health engineering projects.<br />
Godfrey <strong>Taylor</strong> succeeded his uncle Brough<br />
<strong>Taylor</strong> as Senior Partner in 1941 and was involved<br />
in major projects including reservoirs and main<br />
drainage schemes around the UK in the post-war<br />
period. Among these was the Hillfield Park<br />
Reservoir near Bushey, Hertfordshire, for which<br />
an earth dam and a 600 million gallons (2700 ml)<br />
capacity storage reservoir were constructed<br />
between the M1 and Elstree Airport. A large<br />
drainage project, the Rimrose Brook Main<br />
Drainage Scheme, around Bootle in Merseyside,<br />
was carried out to open up land for housing and<br />
industrial development. After service as a Partner<br />
for 54 years, Godfrey <strong>Taylor</strong> retired in 1965 aged<br />
80, and finally died in 1983 aged 97. The Times of<br />
January 31st, 1983, said in his obituary: “He made<br />
his mark as a witness before parliamentary<br />
committees dealing with private Bills for major<br />
public health engineering projects between the<br />
wars. His commanding appearance and well<br />
modulated voice, coupled with his specialist<br />
skills, were in demand and he contributed to<br />
improvements in public health in many towns<br />
and cities in England and Wales.”<br />
The first half of the 20th century saw major<br />
advances in water and sanitary engineering. In<br />
construction, reinforced concrete was introduced<br />
to replace brickwork and masonry, and steam<br />
engines were replaced by diesel and electric<br />
prime movers. In water engineering, rapid gravity<br />
filtration was introduced and disinfection using<br />
chlorine. Sanitary engineers were required to<br />
meet the higher standards set by the 1915 Report<br />
of the Royal Commission and replaced the old<br />
sewage farms with sewage treatment plants<br />
incorporating trickling filters and activated sludge<br />
processes. The firm carried out a number of large<br />
extensions to UK works in this period.<br />
Godfrey Midgley Chassereau<br />
<strong>Taylor</strong>, 1885-1983<br />
Son of Gotfred Midgley <strong>Taylor</strong>,<br />
joined <strong>John</strong> <strong>Taylor</strong> & <strong>Sons</strong> in 1907,<br />
became a Partner in 1912 and<br />
retired in 1965. Advised water<br />
companies and designed drainage<br />
projects throughout England and<br />
became a Director of West Surrey<br />
and Herne Bay Water Companies.<br />
Advised Cairo in 1935 and Baghdad<br />
in 1947 on sewerage systems.<br />
Appointed Senior Partner in 1941.<br />
President of Institution of Sanitary<br />
Engineers in 1934 (later the<br />
Institution of Public Health<br />
Engineers). Chairman of the<br />
Association of <strong>Consulting</strong><br />
Engineers 1941. In 1946, President<br />
of the Institution of Water<br />
Engineers (later the Institution of<br />
Water Engineers and Scientists).<br />
Fellow of Institution of Civil<br />
Engineers. Appointed OBE in 1949.<br />
Chatham Waterworks, London.<br />
Hillfield Park Reservoir, Hertfordshire, England.<br />
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<strong>John</strong> <strong>Taylor</strong> & <strong>Sons</strong><br />
<strong>John</strong> Calvert, 1907-1987<br />
Joined <strong>John</strong> <strong>Taylor</strong> & <strong>Sons</strong> in 1932,<br />
became Partner in 1944 and Senior<br />
Partner in 1966 and retired in 1977.<br />
Advised many public authorities<br />
and major industrial companies in<br />
the UK as well as Aden, Kuwait,<br />
continental Europe, the Caribbean,<br />
Africa, Australia and the Asia.<br />
Member of the Institution of Civil<br />
Engineers from 1942, and Vice<br />
President from 1975 to 1977,<br />
awarded ICE Premium. President<br />
of the Institution of Public Health<br />
Engineers in 1955, and awarded<br />
IPHE Gold Medal, Chairman of the<br />
Association of <strong>Consulting</strong><br />
Engineers in 1958, and President of<br />
the Institute of Water Pollution<br />
Control in 1972. Fellow of the Royal<br />
Academy of Engineering and the<br />
Royal Society of Chemistry.<br />
Appointed CBE in 1965.<br />
After the Second World War, there was a<br />
long sustained period of population growth,<br />
improved living standards and more stringent<br />
environmental concerns with corresponding<br />
engineering advances in public health<br />
engineering. The international regional and<br />
national agencies, such as the World Bank, the<br />
Asian Development Bank and the Department<br />
for International Development in the UK, funded<br />
projects throughout the developing world.<br />
<strong>John</strong> <strong>Taylor</strong> & <strong>Sons</strong> became pre-eminent in<br />
the field of public health engineering and were<br />
responsible for undertaking some of the most<br />
important projects around the world. In addition<br />
to schemes in the UK and the Middle East, they<br />
undertook projects in Africa, Asia, Australasia,<br />
continental Europe, the Caribbean, the Far East<br />
and the Americas.<br />
<strong>John</strong> <strong>Taylor</strong> & <strong>Sons</strong> staff increased to nearly<br />
600 during this period, from a reduced staffing<br />
level of under 20 during the<br />
Second World War. <strong>John</strong> Calvert<br />
took over as Senior Partner from<br />
Godfrey <strong>Taylor</strong> from 1966 to his<br />
own retirement in 1977, aged 70.<br />
Other Partners of the firm<br />
during this period were Oliver<br />
Midgley <strong>Taylor</strong> and <strong>John</strong> Midgley<br />
Haseldine, both great-grandsons<br />
of <strong>John</strong> <strong>Taylor</strong>. Both were active in<br />
many projects in the UK. Oliver in<br />
1947 undertook the survey in<br />
Baghdad with his father (Godfrey<br />
<strong>Taylor</strong>) which led to the major<br />
project for the city’s Sewerage and Sewage<br />
Treatment Project and for the new sewerage<br />
system for Aden. Increasing use of the Suez Canal<br />
by ocean liners and the British naval and military<br />
presence stationed there meant that Aden was<br />
becoming a substantial commercial centre and<br />
the services were inadequate. <strong>John</strong> Haseldine was<br />
responsible for the sewage treatment works at<br />
Kingston and Montego Bay in Jamaica with<br />
Ewbank & Partners and for water and sewage<br />
treatment projects in Australia with Sinclair<br />
Knight & Partners.<br />
Another major influence driving the<br />
expansion of the firm was brought about by<br />
Gwilym Roberts who joined <strong>John</strong> <strong>Taylor</strong> & <strong>Sons</strong><br />
in 1947 as an assistant resident engineer on the<br />
Rimrose Brook Main Drainage Project, near<br />
Bootle. In 1952, he began to design Kuwait’s first<br />
piped water distribution project and, after his<br />
appointment as a Partner in 1956, was<br />
responsible for Baghdad’s first sewerage and<br />
sewage treatment scheme. Subsequent projects<br />
included water projects in Bahrain, Oman and<br />
Saudi Arabia and sewerage and sewage treatment<br />
schemes in Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Egypt, Qatar, Saudi<br />
Arabia and Thailand.<br />
In the UK, the post-war period saw a renewal,<br />
extending and upgrading of existing facilities and<br />
for many rural communities, piped supplies were<br />
provided for the first time. The Iver Water<br />
Treatment works provided supplies for 900,000<br />
consumers from the Thames. Hawkridge Dam, a<br />
30m high concrete dam, was constructed in 1962<br />
in the Quantock Hills, west of Bridgwater,<br />
creating a reservoir with 864 Ml capacity in the<br />
West Somerset area.<br />
Hawkridge dam and<br />
reservoir, Somerset,<br />
England.<br />
Iver water treatment<br />
works, Buckinghamshire,<br />
England.<br />
For many decades after the Second World<br />
War, sewage treatment works were still controlled<br />
by the standards recommended in the Royal<br />
Commission Report of 1915, the “20 : 30<br />
Standard”, that is 20mg/l five-day Biochemical<br />
Oxygen Demand and 30mg/l Suspended Solids.<br />
The practice of trickling filters was used for<br />
smaller works and the activated sludge process<br />
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<strong>John</strong> <strong>Taylor</strong> & sons: water engineering and sanitation, 1869 to 1987<br />
for larger works, collecting the methane gas<br />
generated by the sludge for use as a fuel for<br />
generation of electricity and other automated<br />
control systems. <strong>John</strong> <strong>Taylor</strong> & <strong>Sons</strong> were<br />
responsible for four major works in the Greater<br />
London area, Maple Lodge Works, Blackbirds<br />
Farm Works, Riverside and Hogsmill Valley Works<br />
and for others for Stoke-on-Trent, Ipswich,<br />
Monmouth, Crawley, Wellingborough, Chertsey,<br />
Woking and Worcester as well as many smaller<br />
schemes.<br />
Outside the UK, projects after the war,<br />
particularly in the Middle East, were on an<br />
enormous scale and many were among the<br />
largest in the field in the world. This was due to<br />
two factors: firstly because much of the<br />
infrastructure was for services that had not been<br />
provided previously, and secondly because of the<br />
demands of increasing population in urban areas.<br />
<strong>John</strong> <strong>Taylor</strong> & <strong>Sons</strong> worked in every country in<br />
the Middle East, except Israel and Sudan, ranging<br />
from Iraq in the north to Oman and Yemen in the<br />
south, and from Libya in the west to Iran in the<br />
east. Not only were they the pre-eminent<br />
sewerage and sewage treatment consultants<br />
working in the Middle East, but they were also<br />
responsible for major clean water projects in<br />
the region.<br />
Waste stabilisation ponds, Hofuf, Saudi Arabia.<br />
Projects ranged from the most basic to the<br />
most sophisticated. International funding<br />
agencies provided basic first-time facilities for<br />
rural water and sanitation projects in a number of<br />
countries such as Yemen. For the oil-rich Gulf<br />
States, some of the projects involved the most<br />
modern systems and controls anywhere in the<br />
world. Some schemes treated domestic sewage<br />
to potable water quality for use in irrigation<br />
projects.<br />
Following Godfrey <strong>Taylor</strong>’s 1947 investigation<br />
and report on a main drainage scheme for<br />
Baghdad in Iraq, <strong>John</strong> <strong>Taylor</strong> & <strong>Sons</strong> updated the<br />
study in 1955 and were appointed to implement<br />
the recommendations to provide the city’s first<br />
sewerage and sewage treatment system. It<br />
became the firm’s largest project at the time and<br />
required pioneering solutions to adapt<br />
technology developed in the UK for hot climates.<br />
The problems included the jointing of concrete<br />
pipes, the diffused-air activated sludge process<br />
and hydrogen-sulphide corrosion of concrete in<br />
pipes and manholes. The latter problem was<br />
most successfully solved by the lining of<br />
potentially exposed concrete with plastic. The<br />
first stage of the Rustamiyah Treatment Works,<br />
serving a population of 300,000 on the East Bank<br />
was commissioned in 1963 with a 20km long,<br />
0.5 - 2.3 diameter trunk sewer, a major pumping<br />
station, 12 area pumping stations, house<br />
connections and gravity sewer networks. Novel<br />
problems had to be overcome as the terrain was<br />
virtually flat and construction had to be carried<br />
out in an established city. Enlargement of the<br />
treatment works to serve 750,000 people,<br />
together with extensions to the collector system<br />
followed with the result that by 1976 1.5 million<br />
inhabitants were provided with facilities.<br />
In 1951, <strong>John</strong> <strong>Taylor</strong> & <strong>Sons</strong> were appointed<br />
as sub-consultants by Ewbank & Partners Ltd to<br />
design and supervise the construction of the first<br />
water distribution system for Kuwait, for a<br />
population of 200,000. The scheme consisted of<br />
pipelines, reservoirs, water towers, lorry-filling<br />
stations and pumping stations with a throughput<br />
of 4.5Mld of brackish water and a similar amount<br />
of fresh water obtained from the first large-scale<br />
sea water distillation plant in the world. Previously<br />
the only water supply had been brought in by<br />
boat. The firm returned to Kuwait in 1978 for the<br />
Kuwait Effluent Utilisation Project, designed to<br />
produce some 450Mld of effluent for agricultural<br />
purposes. A further project was won for the<br />
design of the new Shuwaikh Water Distribution<br />
Complex with a throughput of 455Mld on the<br />
site of their original project. The work included<br />
the demolition of the original reservoirs built in<br />
the first project over 20 years previously which<br />
the contractors found extremely difficult. As<br />
Kuwait had supported Iraq in the Iraq-Iran war of<br />
(David) Gwilym Morris Roberts,<br />
born 1925<br />
Joined <strong>John</strong> <strong>Taylor</strong> & <strong>Sons</strong> in 1947,<br />
appointed Partner in 1956.<br />
Responsible for water supply<br />
projects in Kuwait, Bahrain, Oman,<br />
Saudi Arabia, and sewerage<br />
schemes in Abu Dhabi, Dubai,<br />
Egypt, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and<br />
Thailand. <strong>John</strong> <strong>Taylor</strong> & Son’s<br />
representative on AMBRIC’s Board<br />
of Control for Cairo Wastewater<br />
Project. President of the Institution<br />
of Public Health Engineers in 1968<br />
and President of the Institution of<br />
Civil Engineers in 1987. Awarded<br />
ICE’s Stephenson Medal, Halcrow<br />
Premium and IPHE’s Gold and Silver<br />
Medals. Fellow of the Institution of<br />
Mechanical Engineers. In 1987,<br />
Co-Chairman with Derek<br />
Wolstenholme at formation of Acer<br />
Group and later Chairman until<br />
1992. Appointed CBE in 1987.<br />
74
<strong>John</strong> <strong>Taylor</strong> & <strong>Sons</strong><br />
In Ireland, work commenced just after the<br />
war at Dun Laoghaire and in the 1960s a major<br />
appointment for both the Dublin City and Dublin<br />
County Councils led to projects which continued<br />
for over 40 years (some in conjunction with P H<br />
McCarthy & Partners). The first phase of the<br />
Greater Dublin Drainage Project comprised the<br />
1.8km long, 2.7m diameter Grand Canal Tunnel<br />
Sewer, the Main Lift Pumping Station, which is<br />
amongst Europe’s largest stations with an<br />
installed capacity of 17000l/sec, and a Primary<br />
Treatment Plant at Ringsend for a population of<br />
1 million people. These works were commissioned<br />
in 1988. Further studies were carried out in the<br />
period to 1995 for the expansion of the plant to<br />
provide secondary treatment facilities. Winning<br />
an international competition in 1996, McCarthy<br />
<strong>Hyder</strong> were awarded consultancy services to<br />
project manage the Dublin Bay Project, the<br />
largest environmental improvement project in<br />
Ireland. The Design-Build-Operate contract uses<br />
state-of-the-art technology to serve a population<br />
of 1.7 million in Greater Dublin.<br />
170,000m 3 reservoir for treated<br />
sewage effluent, Kuwait.<br />
1980-88, concern grew that Iran may attack its<br />
desalination plants which were located in the<br />
north and around Kuwait City, so <strong>John</strong> <strong>Taylor</strong> &<br />
<strong>Sons</strong> were appointed to design storage, pumping<br />
and transmission facilities for a major new<br />
desalination plant in the south near the Saudi<br />
border. With a throughput of 900Mld, four<br />
mammoth reservoirs were involved with a total<br />
capacity of 1,000Ml, two pumping stations each<br />
over 100m long and some 100km of pipeline up<br />
to 1.8m diameter. The works were commissioned<br />
just before the start of the first Gulf War in 1990.<br />
The USA ‘smart-bombed’ the pumping stations at<br />
commencement of hostilities and they were<br />
subsequently re-built.<br />
Dublin Bay project, Dublin, Ireland.<br />
Oil exportation began in the 1970s from Abu<br />
Dhabi, the capital of the United Arab Emirates,<br />
which led to the corresponding development and<br />
expansion of its infrastructure. In 1974, <strong>John</strong><br />
<strong>Taylor</strong> & <strong>Sons</strong> won the commission as consultants<br />
for the design and construction supervision for<br />
the town’s sewerage and sewage treatment<br />
systems. The agreement signed at that time by<br />
Gwilym Roberts led to continuous employment<br />
for the firm for over 30 years and has ensured for<br />
Abu Dhabi one of the world’s most modern and<br />
sophisticated sewerage and sewage treatment<br />
schemes. The decision to produce effluent for<br />
75
<strong>John</strong> <strong>Taylor</strong> & sons: water engineering and sanitation, 1869 to 1987<br />
Mafraq Sewage Treatment<br />
Works, Abu Dhabi, UAE. .<br />
Pumping station.<br />
Flower beds created.<br />
Pipe inspection.<br />
Watewater re-used for irrigation.<br />
Creation of a green oasis in Abu Dhabi, UAE.<br />
reuse for irrigation has led to the creation of a<br />
green oasis in Abu Dhabi, considered the<br />
“Garden city of the Gulf ” with magnificent parks,<br />
and flourishing gardens along roadside verges<br />
and roundabouts with gradual greening of<br />
outlying villages in the desert as the scheme<br />
spread. Pioneering developments specified and<br />
designed by <strong>John</strong> <strong>Taylor</strong> & <strong>Sons</strong> of fibre<br />
reinforced pipes to control hydrogen-sulphide<br />
corrosion led to the firm becoming<br />
acknowledged world leaders in this field. With<br />
the average daily design throughput of 2,000Mld,<br />
the project included 1,000km of pipelines up to<br />
2.2m diameter, 20 major pumping stations,<br />
tertiary treatment by rapid gravity sand filtration,<br />
followed by disinfection by chlorination or<br />
ozonisation together with effluent storage<br />
reservoirs.<br />
In 1976, <strong>Taylor</strong> Binnie & Partners (a joint<br />
venture of <strong>John</strong> <strong>Taylor</strong> & <strong>Sons</strong> and Binnie and<br />
Partners) won the study for the $2 billion Greater<br />
Cairo Wastewater Project, to be funded by the<br />
Arab Fund. It became the world’s largest public<br />
health engineering project ever constructed,<br />
designed to serve a population of 16 million. The<br />
Sunday Times Magazine of 2004 identified it as:<br />
“one of the world’s leading British-engineered<br />
international projects of the 20th century” and<br />
linked it with the Sydney Harbour Bridge<br />
(designed by Freeman Fox & Partners), the<br />
Sydney Opera House and the Aswan Dam. Initial<br />
funding difficulties were brought about by the<br />
signing of the Egyptian-Israeli Accord at Camp<br />
David in 1978 which resulted in the<br />
discontinuation of Arab funding for the project.<br />
However, the British and American Governments<br />
took over the funding and <strong>Taylor</strong> Binnie &<br />
Partners were required to form an association<br />
with Camp Dresser & McKee of Boston, and<br />
Black & Veatch of Kansas City. A toss of the coin<br />
decided whether it should be American-British<br />
Consultants or British-American Consultants with<br />
the decision resulting in the chosen name of<br />
AMBRIC (American-British Consultants). Design<br />
began in 1979, with the Americans leading on the<br />
West Bank of the Nile River which divides the city<br />
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<strong>John</strong> <strong>Taylor</strong> & <strong>Sons</strong><br />
Greater Cairo Wastewater project.<br />
Ameria pumping station (East bank)<br />
artist’s impression, Cairo.<br />
of Cairo and the British on the East Bank where<br />
two-thirds of the population lived. Works on the<br />
East Bank, the construction of which was<br />
inaugurated by the UK Prime Minister Mrs<br />
Thatcher, included some 50km of 1.5-5m tunnel<br />
sewer leading to the Ameria pumping station,<br />
where the flow is forwarded by way of high-level<br />
culverts and two screw pumping stations to the<br />
1000Mld Gabel-el-Asfar Treatment Works. The<br />
Ameria pumping station, with eight vertical<br />
pumping sets and designed for an ultimate flow<br />
of 2.2Mld, is one of the world’s largest sewage<br />
pumping stations and is over 50m high.<br />
Other projects in Egypt included the<br />
National Plan for Water, part of the UNDP 1980s<br />
Water Decade, for which Binnie <strong>Taylor</strong> Egypt<br />
were appointed in 1978, and the Provincial water<br />
EB trunk sewer (5m dia) primary lining, Cairo.<br />
supply study which covered the whole of Egypt<br />
except Cairo, Alexandria and the Suez Canal and<br />
proposed optimum arrangements for the<br />
Regional Water Production and Distribution<br />
programme. A World Bank and Egyptian<br />
Government funded project was begun in 1981<br />
by Binnie <strong>Taylor</strong> Egypt for the 4 million<br />
inhabitants of the Beheira and Kafr el Sheikh<br />
Governorates in the Alexandria hinterland of the<br />
Nile Delta. This led to the design and construction<br />
supervision of major improvements to existing<br />
facilities and the construction of four new<br />
sources, 600km of mains and some 40,000<br />
new house connections.<br />
Ninteen-seventy-seven saw <strong>John</strong> <strong>Taylor</strong> &<br />
<strong>Sons</strong> working in Indonesia for the first time at<br />
Bandung, the capital of West Java province. With<br />
Australian project managers Kinhill, and UK<br />
planners Llewelyn Davies, they were responsible<br />
for the sewerage and sewage treatment<br />
component of the Bandung Urban<br />
Development and Sanitation Plan. This was<br />
followed five years later by the Asian<br />
Development Bank’s funded project for a review<br />
of Bandung’s Wastewater Master Plan.<br />
With local Malaysian practice Bina Runding<br />
Sdn Bhd, <strong>John</strong> <strong>Taylor</strong> & <strong>Sons</strong> in 1980 won an<br />
appointment to prepare a master plan for the<br />
utilities infrastructure for the industrial city of<br />
Pasir Gudang in Johore. This was followed in<br />
1981 with the engineering of a new water supply<br />
to serve Johore Baru and for the sewerage of<br />
Terengganu. This local experience led to the<br />
British Government retaining <strong>John</strong> <strong>Taylor</strong> & <strong>Sons</strong><br />
to supervise the quality control for a politically<br />
sensitive £500 million National Rural Water<br />
Supplies Project in the mid-1980s. It covered 140<br />
water supply schemes across Peninsular Malaysia<br />
and West Borneo and was partially funded by the<br />
largest ever ODA (now DfID) grant for such a<br />
77
<strong>John</strong> <strong>Taylor</strong> & sons: water engineering and sanitation, 1869 to 1987<br />
project. The scope of works included four dams,<br />
six wellfields and several major river intakes as<br />
well as treatment plants, pipelines and reservoirs.<br />
With their local consultants, the Malaysian Public<br />
Works Department requested assistance from the<br />
firm to oversee implementation of the project.<br />
The two firms again secured a major appointment<br />
in 1985 for the design and supervision of Kluang<br />
water supply, involving a large treatment plant,<br />
a 20km long 1.4m diameter transmission main,<br />
a distribution system and storage reservoirs.<br />
After their success in Egypt, <strong>Taylor</strong> Binnie &<br />
Partners continued to work together for ISKI, the<br />
Istanbul Water & Sewerage Authority in Turkey.<br />
Together with local consultants UBM, they<br />
undertook for the part-World Bank funded<br />
project the design and construction supervision<br />
of a new sewerage disposal system that had<br />
already been part-designed by other consultants.<br />
This was followed by another joint venture<br />
project on Istanbul’s Asian side. It involved the<br />
Rural Water Supply Project, treated<br />
water pumphouse, Malaysia.<br />
Rural Water Supply Project,<br />
permaglass storage tank, Malaysia.<br />
master plan and design for upgrading various<br />
proposed and existing pre-treatment works to<br />
comply with the recently adopted EU policy to<br />
ensure that all marine discharges should receive<br />
“full treatment”. The scheme was designed to<br />
serve a population of 4.7 million and included<br />
construction of a 29km long, 4.5m diameter<br />
tunnel and other sewers flowing to Riva on the<br />
south-east coast of the Black Sea. Here a 40m<br />
deep pumping station raised the sewage to a<br />
tertiary activated sludge treatment plant prior to<br />
a discharge to the Black Sea via a 5km long sea<br />
outfall.<br />
Due recognition of the outstanding<br />
contribution that <strong>John</strong> <strong>Taylor</strong> & <strong>Sons</strong> had made<br />
around the world to development of water<br />
supply services and sanitation for diverse<br />
populations came when the firm was awarded<br />
the Queen’s Award to Industry for Export<br />
Achievement in 1978.<br />
<strong>John</strong> <strong>Taylor</strong> & <strong>Sons</strong>’ sphere of influence had<br />
spread east to Thailand in the 1970s, to Malaysia<br />
in the 1980s and to Hong Kong in 1982, where<br />
they worked with Freeman Fox & Partners who<br />
had an established local presence. After working<br />
together successfully for some years, the two<br />
firms merged to become Acer Consultants.<br />
Istanbul Wastewater project, Turkey.<br />
Tunnel sewer,<br />
Turkey.<br />
Rural Water Supply Project, Upper Maur Dam, Malaysia.<br />
78
<strong>John</strong> <strong>Taylor</strong> & <strong>Sons</strong><br />
Selection of additional projects – some examples from 1950s to 1980s.<br />
Salalah, well drilling, Oman.<br />
Water towers, Bahrain.<br />
Water supply and treatment, master planning<br />
1960s Saudi Qatif Oasis Storage, blending and distribution of desalinated water,<br />
Arabia<br />
900km of pipelines<br />
1970s Kenya Nairobi, Mombasa, Studies into the Operations of the Ministry of Water<br />
& Kisumi<br />
Developments, Low Cost Housing, and Squatter<br />
Upgrading in joint venture<br />
1970s Oman Salalah Water supply and distribution facilities, ten boreholes,<br />
reservoirs, pumping stations, supply and distribution mains<br />
1970s-1980s South City water supplies Study of water losses in 12 principal cities in joint venture<br />
Korea<br />
1972 - 1974 Mauritius Island-wide Master plan and implementation, dam construction, hydro<br />
power production, water treatment plant rehabilitation<br />
and extensions, active leakage control policies<br />
1976 Australia Linden Two water treatment plants for town in the Blue Mountains<br />
in joint venture<br />
1979 India Bombay (Mumbai) Water treatment plant for 2.4 million, World Bank funded<br />
1980 Australia Perth Urban groundwater balance study, strategy for managing<br />
shallow groundwater resource<br />
1980s Ethiopia Bahar Dar Rural water supply project, EU funded, formed Regional<br />
Water Authority for two Provinces of Bahar Dar and Gondor<br />
and trained local population in operation<br />
1980s Yemen Shibam, Seiyun and Tarim water supply systems<br />
1983 - 1984 Indonesia Water supplies Feasibility studies for upgrading water supplies to 500<br />
principal towns<br />
1984 Hong Kong Reservoirs Investigation and report on safety and condition of 30<br />
impounding and 16 large service reservoirs in joint venture<br />
1985 Haiti Rural water supplies Studies for West German Aid on rural water supplies<br />
1986 Hong Water supplies Pipeline for additional fresh water from mainland to<br />
Kong<br />
eastern side of HK Island, 6.6km long in joint venture with<br />
Freeman Fox & Partners<br />
1987 Jordan Amman Water supply, reservoirs, pumping stations and telemetry<br />
control system in joint venture<br />
1990s India Madras Water supply for city and for State of Maharastra<br />
Primary lining of 4m diameter<br />
tunnel sewer, Istanbul, Turkey.<br />
Sewerage and sewage treatment, master planning<br />
1954 New Auckland As part of international team advised on solutions for<br />
Zealand sewerage sewage treatment and disposal arrangement for the city<br />
1960 Malaysia Jesselton Investigation and report on sewerage system for Kota<br />
Kinabalu<br />
1960s Jamaica Montego Bay Sewage treatment works in joint venture<br />
1960s Saudi Buraidah Sewerage and treatment by stabilisation ponds<br />
Arabia<br />
1960 - 1980 Saudi Riyadh 17 contracts for 3rd Expansion Sewerage and Stormwater<br />
Arabia<br />
Project for urban area of 95km 2 , also supervision of<br />
secondary treatment plant<br />
1968 Qatar Doha Sewerage and sewage treatment scheme, in joint venture<br />
1970s Kenya Kisii, Kitui & Nyahururu Sewerage projects<br />
1970s Australia Kincumber Sewage treatment works for Gosford<br />
1970s Saudi Qassim Masterplan, study and designs for sewage effluent<br />
Arabia reutilisation project for 15,00km 2<br />
79
<strong>John</strong> <strong>Taylor</strong> & sons: water engineering and sanitation, 1869 to 1987<br />
1972 Thailand Huay Kwang Sewerage treatment works<br />
1972 - 1975 Iran Tehran UNDP/WHO Pre-Investment Survey of Sewerage Needs and<br />
Plan prepared for population in Tehran of 7million, joint<br />
venture<br />
1973 Bahrain Manama Water supply for urban and rural areas, underground<br />
and Muharraq<br />
storage tanks and water towers<br />
1974 Libya Yeffen and Sebha Sewage treatment schemes<br />
1975 Iran Tehran Design and construction supervision of sewerage and<br />
wastewater treatment for Farhazard Estate<br />
1976 Iran Rasht Design of sewerage, wastewater treatment and surface<br />
water drainage for local consultants<br />
1977 Indonesia Bandung Urban Development Sewerage and sewage treatment in joint venture<br />
and Sanitation Plan<br />
1977 - 1978 Iran Tehran Review of master plan for sewerage and wastewater<br />
treatment, joint venture<br />
1978 Australia Woy Woy Sewage treatment works<br />
1980s Yemen Mukulla Sewerage system, 1.5km long sea outfall<br />
1980s Chile Santiago Support for other consultants in Master Plan<br />
1980s Saudi Taif Foul and storm sewers, potable and non-potable water<br />
Arabia<br />
distribution systems and 67Mld sewage treatment plant<br />
with state-of-the-art technology<br />
1980s Saudi Jubail Industrial Ground preparation, electric power and solid waste<br />
Arabia City disposal, drainage, water supply, sewerage, sewage<br />
treatment and effluent reuse for municipal irrigation<br />
1980s UAE Abu Dhabi Sewerage schemes for desert villages<br />
1982 Indonesia Bandung Review of Wastewater Master Plan and project preparation<br />
for ADB<br />
1984 Thailand Songkhla Lake Songkhla Lake Basin Planning Study of 3 provinces, in joint<br />
venture<br />
1986 Chile Santiago Design of turnkey contract for a pilot sewage treatment<br />
plant<br />
1990s UAE Dubai Rehabilitation of Deira sewers<br />
Digestion tanks, Mafraq sewage<br />
treatment works, Abu Dhabi, UAE.<br />
Marine discharges and long sea outfalls, coastal engineering<br />
1971 UK North Wirral 900mm-dia concrete encased steel pipe extending 5km<br />
outfall<br />
into Liverpool Bay<br />
1979 - 1983 UK Weymouth and 2.7km long, 1.7m-dia tunnel under the English Channel<br />
Portland outfall<br />
1980s UK Blackpool and Replacement of existing short outfalls with new 7km long<br />
Fylde Coast<br />
outfall and upgrading of a pumping station<br />
1980s The Gambia Sea outfall Detailed studies of failure of 1km long sea outfall at Banjul,<br />
designed by others<br />
1982 Hong Kong Junk Bay Primary treatment plant and 3.5km long sea outfall, in<br />
joint venture<br />
1983 Jordan Amman Water supply, 60km of sewers in joint venture<br />
1985 Arabian ROMPE Regional Organisation for the Protection of the Marine<br />
Gulf<br />
Environment (of the Persian/Arabian Gulf ) Study to<br />
ascertain sources of pollution for coastal populated areas<br />
into the water of the Gulf<br />
1990s UK Cumbrian Coast Construction of five outfalls of 0.6 to 1/6m dia and of 0.26<br />
to 3km long outfall<br />
Diffuser section of<br />
Shanganagh long sea<br />
outfall, Ireland.<br />
Sludge jetty.<br />
80
Sir Bruce White, Wolfe Barry<br />
and Partners<br />
Singapore container port
Sir Bruce White, Wolfe Barry and Partners: ports<br />
and maritime engineering, 1856 to 1991<br />
The story of the founding of Sir Bruce White,<br />
Wolfe Barry and Partners began with yet another<br />
young apprentice in the heady days of steam<br />
locomotion serving with one of the leading<br />
pioneers of that era.<br />
George Barclay Bruce began his apprenticeship<br />
with Robert Stephenson when he was 15 years old<br />
in the renowned steam locomotive shops in<br />
Newcastle. On completion at the age of 21, he was<br />
engaged on the building of the Newcastle and<br />
Darlington Railway and was then resident<br />
engineer for a year on the Northhampton and<br />
Peterborough line. He was then assigned, at the<br />
age of just 24, to the post of resident engineer for<br />
the railway bridge over the wide valley between<br />
Tweedmouth and Berwick. Designed by Robert<br />
Stephenson and Thomas Elliot Harrison, the<br />
engineers-in-chief, and with the project costing a<br />
quarter of a million pounds, George Barclay Bruce<br />
was entrusted with the task of building the bridge<br />
to carry the line from Newcastle to Edinburgh, an<br />
elegant structure with 28 semi-circular arches<br />
rising 128ft (39m) above the river bed.<br />
Royal Border Bridge, between Tweedmouth and Berwick,<br />
Northumberland, 1850.<br />
It was named the Royal Border Bridge by<br />
Queen Victoria in August 1850. She arrived with<br />
Prince Albert and the royal children by train which<br />
crossed the bridge from Tweedmouth Station to<br />
arrive at Berwick Station for the formal ceremony.<br />
The Mayor had issued the following instructions<br />
regarding protocol: “It is recommended that on<br />
arrival of the Queen’s carriage at the platform<br />
every person stand up and on Her Majesty<br />
stepping out on to the platform she be saluted by<br />
the cheers of the whole Assembly (nine times<br />
nine.) That after this a profound and respectful<br />
silence be kept till Her Majesty re-enter the<br />
carriage, and when, on the band striking up<br />
‘God Save the Queen’, that every voice join in<br />
singing the national anthem till the carriage is<br />
out of sight.<br />
“The Mayor trusts that the arrangements<br />
for the convenience of the public are such as to<br />
prevent any struggle, pressure or confusion, and<br />
that the numerous and effective forces provided<br />
for keeping order will have no occasion to interfere.”<br />
In 1851, while working on the construction<br />
of the Haltwhistle and Alston Moor branch of the<br />
Newcastle and Carlisle Railway, Bruce was sent to<br />
India to work on the construction of the Calcutta<br />
section of the East India Railway and in 1853 was<br />
appointed chief engineer to the Madras Railway<br />
until ill health forced him to return home. He<br />
remained consulting engineer for 50 years for the<br />
Southern Indian Railway, and from 1894 to the<br />
Great Indian Peninsula and Indian Midland<br />
railways. At a meeting in 1889, in a discussion<br />
of some of his experiences of Indian railways,<br />
he said: “that he remembered the old days of<br />
travelling, when the maximum of luxury was<br />
2 1 /2 miles an hour in a bullock carriage”. Whilst<br />
still responsible for many railway lines in England,<br />
he constructed lines in eastern Europe, Spain, and<br />
for the East Argentine Railway, the Buenos Aires<br />
Grand National tramway and the Beira Railway in<br />
southern Africa<br />
In 1856, George (later Sir George) Bruce set<br />
himself up as a one of the first private engineering<br />
consultants and thus founded the seeds of the<br />
company which was to grow into Sir Bruce White,<br />
Wolfe Barry and Partners. The first consultancy<br />
assignment for Bruce was in Canada where his<br />
advice was sought in connection with the Victoria<br />
Bridge which carries the Grand Trunk Railway<br />
over the St Lawrence at Montreal. This was<br />
followed by consultancy on substantial railway<br />
works in Germany.<br />
Sir George Barclay Bruce,<br />
1821-1908<br />
Apprentice to Robert Stephenson &<br />
Co. locomotive works, 1836-41, and<br />
then resident engineer on various<br />
lines. Resident engineer on Royal<br />
Border Bridge, Northumberland,<br />
and awarded Telford medal by the<br />
Institution of Civil Engineers in<br />
1851. Engaged on railways<br />
throughout India and in Europe.<br />
Member of Council of the<br />
Institution of Civil Engineers from<br />
1871, President in 1887 and in<br />
1888. Knighted in 1888. In 1889,<br />
created a chevalier of the French<br />
Légion d’honneur. Member of the<br />
Institution of Mechanical Engineers,<br />
1874, and served on the Royal<br />
Commissions on the water supply<br />
of London, 1892 and 1897.<br />
82
Sir Bruce White, Wolfe Barry and Partners<br />
Sir <strong>John</strong> Wolfe Wolfe-Barry,<br />
1836-1918<br />
Responsible for major railways,<br />
bridges, including Tower Bridge,<br />
and docks. Member of many Royal<br />
Commissions, particularly<br />
interested in traffic problem in<br />
London. Member of the Institution<br />
of Civil Engineers, 1868, awarded<br />
Telford medal and premium, and<br />
was President from 1896 to 1898.<br />
Associate of Council of Institution<br />
of Surveyors in 1885. In 1901, he<br />
founded the Engineering Standards<br />
Committee which later developed<br />
into the British Standards<br />
Institution and was Chairman from<br />
1905 to 1918. Member of<br />
Institution of Mechanical Engineers<br />
and Vice-President in 1913. In 1895,<br />
elected Fellow of the Royal Society.<br />
In 1897, involved in establishment<br />
of National Physical Laboratories<br />
and on Executive Committee.<br />
Knighted in 1897.<br />
The piers for Tower Bridge under<br />
construction, London.<br />
With his reputation for successful projects<br />
growing, in 1888 Sir George Bruce expanded the<br />
business by taking Robert White into partnership.<br />
White had considerable railway experience and<br />
had worked initially as assistant engineer and<br />
later chief engineer for the Great Southern of<br />
India Railway from 1869 to 1881.<br />
Meanwhile, <strong>John</strong> Wolfe Barry, fifth son of Sir<br />
Charles Barry, RA, who designed the Houses of<br />
Parliament and other well-known buildings, had<br />
been a pupil and later assistant and resident<br />
engineer to Sir <strong>John</strong> Hawkshaw during the<br />
construction of Charing Cross railway bridge and<br />
station and for the City Terminus Extension of the<br />
Charing Cross Railway, which included Cannon<br />
Street station and railway bridge. He set himself<br />
up in practice as a consulting engineer in 1867<br />
concentrating on railways, bridges and docks and<br />
was joined in partnership by Henry Brunel, son<br />
of Isambard Kingdom Brunel in 1878. They<br />
practiced as Barry and Brunel. Subsequently,<br />
these partnerships which prospered in parallel,<br />
merged their practices many years later.<br />
<strong>John</strong> Wolfe Barry and Henry Brunel<br />
undertook engineering projects in Britain,<br />
Europe and China. Perhaps their greatest<br />
contribution to the landscape in London was<br />
their work on the design and construction of<br />
Tower Bridge. The city was being transformed by<br />
the increase in traffic on the roads and a network<br />
of railway lines, creating a demand for new<br />
bridges, subways and tunnels. The earliest design<br />
for a bridge just east of the Tower of London was<br />
proposed in 1824 by its promoters Captain<br />
Samuel Brown and James Walker. They planned<br />
to raise the £392,000 by subscription, in<br />
transferable shares of £100 each. Tolls were likely<br />
to yield more than £100 per<br />
day and investors could<br />
expect 10 per cent on their<br />
outlay, they claimed. It was<br />
not, however, until 60 years<br />
later that the funding for<br />
the crossing became<br />
available from the Bridge<br />
House Estates Trust which<br />
was established in the<br />
twelfth century. In the<br />
1870s, over a million people<br />
lived east of London Bridge<br />
Tower Bridge, London.<br />
and small rowing boats were the only means of<br />
transport apart from the roadway over the bridge.<br />
Finally, in February 1876, a special committee<br />
was set up to deal with the urgent representations<br />
for a new bridge to meet public demand and<br />
designs were invited. A great variety of designs<br />
were put forward and in 1878 Horace Jones, the<br />
City Architect, was called upon to comment on<br />
plans and put forward his own designs on the<br />
bascule principle.<br />
However, it was not until 1884 after he<br />
consulted <strong>John</strong> Wolfe Barry that a joint design was<br />
put before the House of Commons. This involved<br />
a substitution of the straight span for Jones’s arch<br />
so that the bascules could open vertically to give a<br />
200ft (61m) clearway. Pedestrian walkways were<br />
now a possibility at a high level. An Act was passed<br />
the following year which allowed the construction<br />
of the bridge to proceed. <strong>John</strong> Wolfe Barry was<br />
reassuring: “If I was not convinced in my own<br />
mind that this was a thoroughly workable<br />
scheme, I am quite sure I should not be sitting in<br />
this chair”, he advised the Bridge House Estates<br />
Committee. Henry Brunel, Wolfe Barry’s partner,<br />
was to supervise all the complicated calculations<br />
and details of the structure. “It is intended to be<br />
to a certain extent in harmony with the buildings<br />
of the Tower; it is intended to be an ornament to<br />
the river and it is intended to be provided<br />
without taxing anybody to the extent of a single<br />
halfpenny, which is a very large element in these<br />
days of large local and Imperial taxation” said a<br />
satisfied R.D.M Littler, QC in summary to the<br />
Select Committee.<br />
83
Sir Bruce White, Wolfe Barry and Partners: ports and maritime engineering,<br />
1856 to 1991<br />
<strong>John</strong> Wolfe Barry’s<br />
estimate for the cost of Tower<br />
Bridge and its approaches was<br />
£750,000 although it finally<br />
totalled over £1 million. This<br />
was funded by the Bridge<br />
House Estates Fund, for whom<br />
the City of London Corporation<br />
were the trustees, with the<br />
commission of £30,000 being<br />
paid to the architect, Horace<br />
Jones, and <strong>John</strong> Wolfe Barry “in<br />
such proportions as they may<br />
mutually agree upon for their<br />
services in respect thereof ”.<br />
Jones died suddenly in 1887<br />
and Barry assumed full<br />
responsibility. However, the architect George<br />
Stevenson, Jones’s assistant, had a major<br />
influence on the design and in particular with his<br />
preference for stone facing as opposed to the red<br />
brick of Jones’s plan. As Mr Tuit, engineer to the<br />
contractors Sir William Arrol & Co. wrote in 1894:<br />
“Though Mr Barry has aimed at preserving the<br />
general appearance of the structure…. (as in<br />
the joint design as laid before Parliament) …..<br />
he adopted a severer form of architecture for<br />
the main towers, while the chains, braced, and<br />
raised at the abutments, and the abutment<br />
towers themselves are altogether new features.”<br />
Early in Queen Victoria’s reign, the use of<br />
iron was innovative and extensively used for<br />
Bascule for Tower Bridge, London.<br />
Our Giant Causeway from Punch, June 30th 1894.<br />
Old Father Thames, loquitur: -<br />
Oh! cloud-capt towers! Oh, spanking spans!<br />
What is it here I see?<br />
I’ve seen a many wondrous sights ‘twixt Thames Head and the Nore,<br />
But such a whopping bit of work, I’ve never twigged before! ……….<br />
I recollect Old London Bridge, which cost a pretty penny,<br />
And the mighty masterpieces of the great bridge-builder, Rennie:<br />
Pontifex maximus, great Sir <strong>John</strong>! But lor! I mustn’t tarry<br />
O’er memories of the misty past. Bully for JOHN WOLFE BARRY,<br />
The Engineer-in-Chief of this! ............<br />
Embark me, dredge me, lock me, weir me, bridge me, and the rest of it<br />
Well, Time tries all. I hope this Titan Bridge will stand the test of it.<br />
Here’s to it, tower and bascule! It’s a triumph and a thumper!<br />
Here’s to BARRY, and to BRUNEL, and to CRUTTWELL, in a bumper;<br />
While not forgetting HORACE JONES, the City Architect, Gents!<br />
Who, though he’s passed, his share of praise may righteously expect, Gents!<br />
To Gog and Magog, who are not too often in the applause way,<br />
And those civic Giants’ backers, who have built our Giant Causeway!!!<br />
prefabricating buildings and other structures.<br />
There was also a growing fashion to conceal the<br />
structure with elaborate cladding. As the<br />
production of steel increased it became the<br />
material of choice. Furnaces were producing 50<br />
tons an hour by the 1850s. Barry chose stone to<br />
clad the steelwork in Tower Bridge, both because<br />
of its appearance and its quality of providing<br />
protection from corrosion.<br />
The Memorial Stone was laid on 21st June<br />
1885 by the Prince of Wales, on the first day of<br />
the 50th year of Queen Victoria’s reign.<br />
It was anticipated that the construction would<br />
take four years but it eventually took eight to<br />
reach completion. Barry, Brunel and Sir William<br />
G. Armstrong, Mitchell & Co. Ltd designed the<br />
machinery which was operated by hydraulic<br />
power for over 80 years. It was predicted that<br />
approximately 22 vessels a day would require to<br />
have the bascules lifted to allow them to pass<br />
through and this proved to be fairly accurate.<br />
The bridge took six minutes to open each time<br />
and initially needed an operating staff of 80.<br />
The Opening Ceremony on 30th June 1894<br />
performed by the Prince and Princess of Wales<br />
was a major event in London. The area was alive<br />
with crowds and river vessels and was decorated<br />
lavishly with flags and banners; following the<br />
opening ceremony for road traffic, river steamers<br />
paraded through the opened bridge. Whilst there<br />
was some contemporary criticism of the design,<br />
The Times described Tower Bridge as “one of the<br />
structural triumphs of this age of steel”.<br />
OUR GIANT CAUSEWAY.<br />
(Opening of the new Tower Bridge, June<br />
30th, by H.R.H. the Prince of Wales.)<br />
FATHER THAMES. “WELL I’M<br />
BLOWED! THIS QUITE<br />
GETS OVER ME!”<br />
Poem and cartoon from Punch, June<br />
1894.<br />
The eve of completion - clearing away<br />
scaffolding on Tower bridge. The<br />
Graphic's special supplement, 30th<br />
June 1894.<br />
84
Sir Bruce White, Wolfe Barry and Partners<br />
Sir Robert White, born 1842<br />
Engaged in railway works for Sir<br />
George Barclay Bruce, until in 1869<br />
served as engineer, and later<br />
deputy chief engineer, for the<br />
South Indian Railway Company<br />
until 1881. Entered into partnership<br />
with Sir George Barclay Bruce,<br />
engaged on railways in South<br />
America and southern Africa. Also<br />
joint engineer with Sir Douglas Fox<br />
on Cardiff Railway. In 1908, changed<br />
name of practice to Robert White<br />
and again in 1919 to Robert White<br />
and Partners. Engaged on railways<br />
in India until 1923. Member of<br />
Institution of Civil Engineers from<br />
1870 and Member of Institution of<br />
Mechanical Engineers from 1901.<br />
Member of the British Engineering<br />
Standards Association.<br />
While still engaged on Tower Bridge, <strong>John</strong><br />
Wolfe Barry was also involved in the largest single<br />
dock structure in the country, Barry Dock near<br />
Cardiff, and contributed to government<br />
commissions on Scottish and Irish public works,<br />
as well as on the Suez Canal. He was appointed a<br />
Companion of the Bath on the opening of Tower<br />
Bridge in 1894, was President of the Institution of<br />
Civil Engineers from 1896, and was knighted in<br />
1897. The following year he adopted the surname<br />
Wolfe-Barry.<br />
Sir <strong>John</strong> Wolfe-Barry, with his partner Henry<br />
Brunel, continued their work particularly in<br />
railways, workshops and port facilities to meet the<br />
demand for improved modes of transportation<br />
both at home and abroad. Wolfe-Barry designed<br />
the Blackwall Tunnel and completed the initial<br />
survey for underground railways in London and<br />
Glasgow. In the latter part of the 19th Century he<br />
was associated with the Metropolitan Railway<br />
between Ealing and Fulham, the Inner Circle Line<br />
between Mansion House and Aldgate, and the<br />
London Underground between Hammersmith<br />
and South Kensington as well as the underground<br />
system of the Caledonian Railway. Sir Wolfe Barry<br />
and Partners, including Sir <strong>John</strong>’s second son<br />
Kenneth, now a Partner, designed the Blackfriars<br />
Railway Bridge and the Kew Bridge, both in<br />
London. The latter was opened by King Edward<br />
VII in 1903.<br />
Into the 20th Century, George Barclay Bruce<br />
and his partnership also were engaged in major<br />
engineering works overseas. He was knighted to<br />
mark his second term of office as President of the<br />
Institution of Civil Engineers in 1888. Robert<br />
White continued as a consulting engineer alone in<br />
practice after the death of Sir George in 1908. In<br />
1919, he took his son Bruce White and Cyril<br />
Hitchcock into partnership, and the practice was<br />
named Robert White and Partners.<br />
A.J.Barry, a nephew and partner of Sir <strong>John</strong><br />
Wolfe-Barry, set up a practice with Bradford Leslie<br />
in 1901, under the name Barry and Leslie. They<br />
were engaged in the design and supervision of<br />
harbour and railway construction in China. Barry<br />
befriended the Sultan of Johore and worked on<br />
the construction of railways in Malaya. He had a<br />
passion for the possibilities of rubber growing and<br />
may well have influenced the development of the<br />
rubber industry in Malaya. Barry changed the<br />
name of the firm to A.J.Barry and Partners in<br />
1906 and in 1911, when the oil industry was in its<br />
infancy was supervising the construction of 65<br />
miles of oil pipe line in Southern Russia. He later<br />
designed and supervised the first train ferry<br />
service between Harwich and Zeebrugge, which<br />
utilised the train ferry vessels once released from<br />
the military requirement in Richborough for<br />
which Bruce White had responsibility.<br />
As the grim prospect of war loomed over<br />
Europe in 1914, consulting engineering practices<br />
turned their skills and experience to helping the<br />
war effort, many joining the Royal Engineers.<br />
Harbours, bridges, railways and other projects<br />
were required rapidly in difficult locations.<br />
Bruce White, who became a Major in the<br />
Royal Engineers, was involved in the construction<br />
of the port next to Richborough Castle close to<br />
Sandwich in Kent, which began in 1915 and<br />
consisted of a railway ferry terminal, depot and<br />
workshops. From this ‘Mystery Port’ as it was<br />
known, the British Expeditionary Force was<br />
ferried together with the requirements to<br />
support an army in the field. Royal Engineers<br />
constructed railway sidings, which brought in the<br />
heavy materials, and barges were built in their<br />
thousands, to transport supplies across the<br />
Channel into the French ports and up rivers to<br />
front line positions. Bruce White was responsible<br />
for the layout and design of the workshops which<br />
operated 24 hours a day and for the administration<br />
of 8,000 to 9,000 Royal Engineers who were<br />
engaged in the workshops, shipyards, dredging<br />
plants, train ferries and tugs.<br />
Sir <strong>John</strong> Wolfe Barry and Partners handled<br />
the buying department of the UK Ministry of<br />
Munitions from 1916 and erected factories for<br />
munitions manufacture in many places including<br />
Oldbury, Queensferry, Wareham and Gretna,<br />
where a town complete with churches and<br />
municipal offices was built for the workers.<br />
During the period between the wars, the<br />
major practices, Robert White and Partners and<br />
Sir <strong>John</strong> Wolfe Barry and Partners, worked in the<br />
reconstruction of damaged infrastructure and<br />
extended their horizons to work on many<br />
projects in Australia, Canada, South America,<br />
Africa, India and China.<br />
In 1917, Sir Winston Churchill conceived a<br />
plan for creating an artificial harbour off the<br />
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Sir Bruce White, Wolfe Barry and Partners: ports and maritime engineering,<br />
1856 to 1991<br />
enemy coast to launch an invasion on the<br />
European continent. In the First World War, it<br />
was possible to conduct the war from the<br />
Richborough port, because the Continental<br />
ports and canals were available for landing and<br />
transportation of troops and equipment and the<br />
plan was not needed. In the Second World War,<br />
however, it proved to be essential to provide<br />
harbour facilities off shore, as the Allied Forces<br />
had been driven off the Continent and Churchill’s<br />
plan was brilliantly executed in 1943 to 1944.<br />
Bruce White entered the War Office in 1940 as<br />
Staff Captain in the Directorate of Transportation,<br />
Royal Engineers (later to become a Brigadier) and<br />
began the work of repairing ports and making<br />
provision for any subsequent invasion of the<br />
Continent.<br />
At that time the British Army had been<br />
evacuated from Dunkirk and there was no<br />
question of mounting an invasion of the<br />
Continent, but rather of preparing defences<br />
against a German invasion. Sir Winston Churchill<br />
boosted the morale of the nation with his<br />
wireless speeches such as his famous “fight on<br />
the beaches” appeal. After the “Lend-lease”<br />
weapons started to arrive from the United States<br />
in 1940, the mood began to change from defence<br />
to attack with the beginning of a scheme for the<br />
invasion of “Fortress Europe”.<br />
Sir Winston Churchill sent a memo on 30th<br />
May 1942 to the Chief of Combined Operations,<br />
Lord Mountbatten:<br />
“PIERS FOR USE ON BEACHES. They must<br />
float up and down with the tide. The anchor<br />
problem must be mastered. Let me have the best<br />
solution worked out. Don’t argue the matter.<br />
The difficulties will argue for<br />
themselves.”<br />
Brigadier Bruce White as Director of Ports<br />
and Inland Water Transport at the War Office had<br />
the responsibility to follow up on the memo,<br />
assisted by his Deputy J.A.S. Rolfe (later a Partner<br />
in the firm Sir Bruce White, Wolfe Barry and<br />
Partners). With his team of engineers at the War<br />
Office, he devised a solution within seven days.<br />
He had been involved in the rapid construction<br />
of military ports in Scotland to compensate for<br />
the vulnerability and bombing of the east and<br />
south coast ports. Deep-water berths and all the<br />
support facilities for two large resident<br />
communities were constructed with great<br />
urgency at Faslane Bay on Gare Loch and Cairn<br />
Ryan on Loch Ryan. This project proved to be the<br />
training ground for the construction of the<br />
artificial harbours.<br />
Bruce White was also involved in the<br />
shipping and erection of 30 cranes from the Port<br />
of London to the Middle East, the dismantling of<br />
cranes in Southern England for transfer to<br />
Scotland and the production of 360 cranes with<br />
their own generating set to be taken to the<br />
Continent in the event of an invasion. Cranes<br />
would be a vital necessity at ports captured by<br />
the Allied Forces, as were port repair vessels and<br />
depots, dock gates and pontoons.<br />
Floating roadway under construction,<br />
Mulberry Harbours.<br />
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Sir Bruce White, Wolfe Barry and Partners<br />
Brigadier Sir Bruce Gordon White,<br />
1885-1983<br />
Director of Ports and Inland Water<br />
Transport at the War Office, Deputy<br />
Director Department of<br />
Transportation during World War ll,<br />
engaged in design of “Mulberry”<br />
artificial invasion harbours. Senior<br />
Partner of Sir Bruce White, Wolfe<br />
Barry and Partners. Fellow of the<br />
Institution of Civil Engineers, the<br />
Institution of Mechanical Engineers,<br />
the Institution of Electrical<br />
Engineers and the City and Guilds<br />
of London Institution. Awarded CBE<br />
in 1943 and Knighted in 1944.<br />
In the summer of 1943, the plans for the<br />
landing on the Normandy beaches, under the<br />
code word “Overlord”, were agreed by the Allied<br />
Commands and in late August of the same year at<br />
the Quebec Conference, the Combined Chief of<br />
Staff approved the construction of artificial<br />
harbours, code named “Mulberry”. Brigadier<br />
Bruce White revealed the background to the<br />
name chosen for this renowned engineering<br />
accomplishment: “Shortly after I returned…<br />
(from the Quebec Conference)….I found on my<br />
desk at the War Office a letter from a senior<br />
officer. The letter had no cover of secrecy and<br />
was headed simply ‘Artificial Harbours’. This<br />
breach of security appalled me. Fearful that such<br />
a letter could reveal a most important secret, in<br />
the wrong hands, I immediately sought an<br />
interview with the head of security at the War<br />
Office. I insisted that the project be given a code<br />
name. During the interview, the security chief<br />
turned to a young officer behind him and asked<br />
for the next code word appearing on the list. The<br />
officer consulted a large volume and<br />
announced the word ‘Mulberry’, which I<br />
accepted. At the time we were already using<br />
‘Gooseberry’ and ‘Whale’ but had I been offered<br />
‘Raspberry’, I should not have accepted! This was<br />
the name adopted for the project and so it has<br />
remained to this day. Numerous myths have<br />
grown up about the origin of the code name but<br />
this is the actual story of how it came about.”<br />
Brigadier Bruce White had explained his<br />
solution to Sir Winston’s requirement over dinner<br />
at Chequers and how he had observed the results<br />
of a storm in Valparaiso during 1924 when only a<br />
dredger built in Renfrew, Scotland, had not<br />
foundered. He described how it had put down its<br />
three ‘spuds’ or legs and risen above the waves.<br />
The artificial harbour solution involved the form<br />
of pontoon pierheads with spuds, and an<br />
ingenious floating roadway to connect the<br />
pierhead to the land, consisting of 80ft (24m)<br />
flexible girders, designed to carry the largest<br />
tanks, mounted on concrete and steel pontoons<br />
which were moored to the sea bed.<br />
In August 1943, Sir Winston Churchill and his<br />
staff sailed to Canada on the Queen Mary for<br />
preliminary talks on the invasion plan “Overlord”<br />
before proceeding to Washington to meet the<br />
American Allies. Bruce White recalled how he had<br />
Mulberry harbours under construction.<br />
Blockships were scuttled to form part of the northern<br />
and seaward breakwaters, Mulberry harbours.<br />
Military vehicles using the floating roads, Mulberry harbours.<br />
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Sir Bruce White, Wolfe Barry and Partners: ports and maritime engineering,<br />
1856 to 1991<br />
received an urgent message to join them. “We<br />
flew in a bomber for 15 hours across the<br />
Atlantic, clad in double flying suits and lying<br />
prone on the deck of the aircraft, head to tail. At<br />
Montreal we boarded a small aeroplane which<br />
took us to Quebec where the party was lodged in<br />
one of the Canadian Pacific hotels, the Chateau<br />
Frontenac. Here, breakfast had been the first<br />
food we had eaten since we left England. But at<br />
the Chateau Frontenac every possible kind of<br />
luxury which I had not had for many years was<br />
available in the menu. My most outstanding<br />
recollections was that, after the flights and<br />
preliminary talks in Quebec, I was most anxious<br />
to sleep: I remember being awoken by a tap on<br />
the door from a waiter who came into my room<br />
bearing a salver on which was mounted a large<br />
bowl containing crushed ice in the middle of<br />
which was planted a large glass of fresh orange<br />
juice. My room was some height from the<br />
ground. I thought that I was approaching<br />
heaven.”<br />
It was agreed in the Washington meetings<br />
that there would be two artificial harbours, an<br />
American one to be Mulberry A, and the British<br />
to be Mulberry B. The harbours had to be<br />
available by May 1944, the date fixed for the<br />
invasion. The most immediate requirement<br />
would be the provision of 150 concrete caissons<br />
weighing 7,000 tons each to form breakwaters.<br />
Much preparatory work and testing was<br />
carried out after Sir Winston Churchill’s memo,<br />
but the design work and construction did not<br />
The American, Mulberry A, was placed at Omaha Beach<br />
and the British, Mulberry B, at Arromanches.<br />
start until October 1943. This outstanding<br />
engineering feat was achieved in a very rapid<br />
eight months under absolute secrecy – orders for<br />
supplies were placed with around 500 firms<br />
spread throughout Britain, under the supervision<br />
of consulting engineering firms.<br />
The Institution of Civil Engineers made<br />
available their top floor to Brigadier Bruce White,<br />
who formed a separate organisation to prepare a<br />
volume containing all the information available<br />
on the ports which were likely to be recaptured<br />
in order to assist the Royal Engineers. A search<br />
was made of all the technical papers, journals and<br />
newspapers and the information was put<br />
together with aerial photographs of the ports and<br />
an expert appreciation of the damage which<br />
might be caused by the retreating Germans.<br />
Appeals were made to the public to send in<br />
information about continental beaches and ports<br />
including postcards, photographs or holiday<br />
brochures. Brigadier Bruce White recalls: “One<br />
such photograph, a seaside snapshot of a<br />
courting couple leaning against a cliff, enabled<br />
the engineers to assess the height of the obstacles<br />
to be demolished as well as other vital<br />
information.”<br />
A total of 25,000 men were employed around<br />
the country on the construction of the Mulberry<br />
harbours. Three hunded firms were engaged in<br />
the construction of the 23 pierheads, built to the<br />
specification of the Valparaiso dredger but with<br />
four spuds, not three, to which ships would<br />
moor for unloading. Two hundred and fifty firms<br />
were involved in making the floating roadways to<br />
carry the vehicles onto the beaches. The artificial<br />
harbours had to be towed 100 miles to their<br />
destination across the Channel to the Normandy<br />
coast to arrive at about the same time as the<br />
assault troops to enable them to be positioned.<br />
The forces trained for Mulberry sailed on the<br />
afternoon of D Day. It was planned that within<br />
fourteen days of the first soldiers going ashore,<br />
the artificial harbours would be in place. The<br />
beach-head for the British Mulberry was at<br />
Arromanches and there the equipment was<br />
installed satisfactorily creating a vast harbour<br />
which continued to operate until the winter of<br />
1944. The American Mulberry was located at<br />
Omaha Beach under enemy harassment and on<br />
June 19th was destroyed by a storm.<br />
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Sir Bruce White, Wolfe Barry and Partners<br />
An ingenious adjustable ramp<br />
whereby vehicles could be unloaded<br />
from decks of L.S.T.’s, Mulberry<br />
harbours.<br />
In all 39,000 vehicles and 220,000 soldiers<br />
were landed in France by the year end. General<br />
Eisenhower stated that “Mulberry exceeded our<br />
best hopes”.<br />
Brigadier Bruce White, described by Sir<br />
Winston Churchill as “an eminent engineer”, paid<br />
tribute to the role of consulting engineers in this<br />
project and others in the war effort and their<br />
“fullest use of originality and improvisation to<br />
provide special equipment and techniques to<br />
shorten the period of construction…” With his<br />
responsibilities for military port works in all the<br />
theatres of war, he had prepared a register of 120<br />
of the leading consulting engineers, port<br />
engineers, contractors and others involved in<br />
port works who could be called upon by the War<br />
Office, and they all had contributed greatly to<br />
solving maritime engineering problems wherever<br />
military operations had been carried out.<br />
During the early years of the war, Robert<br />
White and Partners’ offices were bombed and in<br />
1941 the practice decided to amalgamate with Sir<br />
<strong>John</strong> Wolfe Barry and Partners to become Wolfe<br />
Barry, Robert White and Partners. Meanwhile,<br />
A.J. Barry and Partners continued to practice with<br />
J.A. Cochrane as the sole principal after the death<br />
of A.J. Barry in 1944, practicing under the name<br />
of A.J. Barry, Cochrane and Partners. J.A. Cochrane<br />
specialised in harbour works in Malaya, the Dutch<br />
East Indies, Hong Kong, China and West Africa.<br />
After the war, the fusion of these firms led to<br />
the creation of Sir Bruce White, Wolfe Barry and<br />
Partners, a name that became renowned around<br />
the world for excellence in port, maritime and<br />
transportation engineering for over 45 years.<br />
The firm developed a reputation for<br />
executing complex port and harbour schemes in<br />
which theoretical studies in the laboratory were<br />
allied to the practical observations of the<br />
engineer on location. Much of their work<br />
involved reconstruction, dredging, reclamation,<br />
and the installation of special equipment to suit<br />
the peculiarities of the site. Emphasis was always<br />
placed on the need to reduce costs and to ensure<br />
easy and rapid handling of cargo.<br />
In 1885, the first reduced-scale hydraulic<br />
model of tidal movements had been constructed<br />
to provide the engineering profession with some<br />
knowledge of water forces and siltation. Sir Bruce<br />
White, Wolfe Barry and Partners pioneered an<br />
important advancement in 1947, increasing<br />
accuracy in operation by taking advantage of the<br />
progress in electrical engineering to design a new<br />
type of testing apparatus. This reproduced the<br />
natural action of tides on a reduced scale and<br />
made it possible to simulate nature by producing<br />
an infinite range of tides, a major advance on the<br />
methods then in use. After further studies, a new<br />
system evolved by Sir Bruce White, Wolfe Barry<br />
and Partners made it possible to build models of<br />
the affected areas of a river or estuary to a larger<br />
scale than was previously possible. They<br />
introduced the use of plastics of light specific<br />
gravity for the bed materials.<br />
Over time further improvements in study<br />
techniques determined the feasibility of<br />
constructing the Port of Muara in Brunei,<br />
incorporating a self-cleansing entrance channel.<br />
Highly mobile sandbanks controlled the<br />
approaches to the natural deep water, so that<br />
some form of dredged channel was needed to<br />
make the port accessible to ocean-going vessels.<br />
Alternative locations for the access channel were<br />
studied using hydraulic models as a result of<br />
which it was decided to cut an entirely new<br />
entrance to Brunei Bay through Pelompong Spit.<br />
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Sir Bruce White, Wolfe Barry and Partners: ports and maritime engineering,<br />
1856 to 1991<br />
R.Y. Britannia at Muara port, Brunei.<br />
The recommendation was adopted, five million<br />
cubic metres of material were dredged, and the<br />
port facilities were completed in 1973.<br />
Sir Bruce White, Wolfe Barry and Partners<br />
went on to design power stations, tank farms,<br />
cattle feed mills, factories and housing<br />
development schemes. Power stations were often<br />
located in close proximity to water and land<br />
reclamation and this consideration formed an<br />
important part of the preparatory work. The<br />
company was well-acquainted in dealing with<br />
these problems and was chosen to carry out<br />
some important assignments in India and South-<br />
East Asia as well as the United Kingdom.<br />
Following the 1953 flooding of the low lying<br />
lands flanking the Thames Estuary, Sir Bruce<br />
White, Wolfe Barry and Partners joined with<br />
Rendell Palmer & Tritton to investigate the<br />
possibility of constructing a removable flood<br />
barrier. They made extensive hydraulic<br />
investigations, surveyed several sites and<br />
consulted river users. Following a series of<br />
reports, a recommendation for a barrier at<br />
Woolwich and the raising of the river banks<br />
downstream resulted in the commissioning of<br />
the project which the company designed and<br />
supervised construction.<br />
The company’s familiarity with the problems<br />
involved in port construction, freeing rivers and<br />
harbours from silt, and reclamation, led it to<br />
extend its activities to the design of special<br />
harbour craft. Ferries, different kinds of dredgers<br />
and roll-on/roll-off ships were built for service<br />
in the UK and worldwide. Special features<br />
in the design of these vessels have included:<br />
manoeuvrability in carrying heavy equipment or<br />
indivisible loads, ease of turn-round and novel<br />
discharging gear for dredgers.<br />
In 1947, Malayan Railway was concerned at<br />
the siltation of their existing wharves and<br />
commissioned Sir Bruce White, Wolfe Barry and<br />
Partners to undertake a feasibility study for<br />
improving the entrance to the Prai River. A<br />
hydraulic model investigation in which electronic<br />
control was introduced for the first time and<br />
detailed marine surveys led to the<br />
recommendation of a new location for the port.<br />
Detailed studies of the proposed site were made<br />
in 1960 and 1961 for the Penang Port<br />
Commission after which the plan was finally<br />
adopted. Construction of the Butterworth Deep<br />
Water Wharves began in 1963 and involved<br />
dredging, detailing, preparation of tender<br />
documents and supervision of construction of<br />
some 900m of concrete piled wharf, transit sheds<br />
and warehouses. Eighty acres of reclamation,<br />
wreck removal and dredging were included. The<br />
advent of containerisation was foreseen and two<br />
berths were designed to accommodate container<br />
cranes. A sixth berth, designed for container<br />
vessels and including a roll-on/roll-off ramp was<br />
constructed in 1978.<br />
Butterworth Deep Water Wharves,<br />
Malaysia.<br />
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Sir Bruce White, Wolfe Barry and Partners<br />
90MW Thermal power station, Malaysia.<br />
Singapore container port.<br />
By the mid 1960s, the demand for heavy<br />
electrical generating equipment was causing<br />
problems in the carriage of heavy machinery by<br />
road in the UK. The Central Electricity<br />
Generating Board asked Sir Bruce White, Wolfe<br />
Barry and Partners to investigate whether water<br />
transport could be used to move abnormal loads<br />
from manufacturer to power stations. All power<br />
stations on the coast, or river banks, were<br />
inspected to see if ships could be loaded<br />
alongside, and the ports nearest to electrical<br />
manufacturers were examined for their ability to<br />
handle abnormal loads. Because no suitable<br />
cranes were available, a study determined which<br />
type of ship could handle equipment mounted<br />
on a trailer, independent of shore equipment.<br />
Two roll-on/roll-off sister ships were subsequently<br />
designed. These were the first of their kind in the<br />
world and were uniquely provided with a<br />
hydraulic ‘roadway’ able to carry gross loads of<br />
425 tonnes.<br />
Work began in 1963 for a 90MW oil fired<br />
thermal power station for the National Electricity<br />
Board of Malaysia. The site chosen was on<br />
swamp land adjacent to deep water and imposed<br />
a special problem of construction on weak<br />
coastal clay prone to settlement. Special designs<br />
were needed to ensure reliability of support for<br />
heavy plant loadings and controlled ground<br />
movement in the areas of roads and services.<br />
With the world-wide plans for<br />
containerisation of cargoes becoming a reality, it<br />
was decided in 1968 to further develop the cargo<br />
berths at East Lagoon that Sir Bruce White, Wolfe<br />
Barry and Partners had commenced in 1963. This<br />
led to the construction of the Singapore<br />
Container Port, a major regional pivotal port to<br />
serve all of South East Asia. The first phase<br />
consisted of three berths totalling 3,000ft (914m)<br />
in length designed to receive the largest<br />
container vessels afloat, one 700ft (213m) feeder<br />
vessels berth and one 750ft (229m) feeder<br />
vessel/tanker berth. The container port, which<br />
had been undertaken with £15 million funding<br />
from an IBRD World Bank loan, was an immediate<br />
success and has provided a major source of<br />
revenue to the Port of Singapore Authority.<br />
Sir Bruce White, Wolfe Barry and Partners<br />
had been involved in engineering work on the<br />
River Thames and in the Port of London for many<br />
years. The rapid development of container traffic<br />
led Overseas Containers Ltd to seek assistance in<br />
1967 in the construction of a specialised port at<br />
Tilbury for ships in excess of 1,000 containers.<br />
The project included a 2,000 container<br />
warehouse, refrigerated cargo stack, workshops,<br />
offices and ancillary buildings, with road and rail<br />
despatch facilities. A unique proposal for raising<br />
two containers at once was introduced; a fivehigh<br />
stacking system and a centralised<br />
refrigeration service were other features. Ship<br />
turn-round time was minimised, in spite of<br />
restricted manoeuvring space, and the annual<br />
throughput reached over 2 million tonnes.<br />
The construction in 1970 of a movable<br />
barrier, the Dartford Creek Barrier, across the<br />
mouth of the River Darent continues to protect<br />
the low lying areas of Dartford from the “1,000<br />
year” surge tide, of the River Thames, while<br />
allowing uninterrupted passage of small vessels<br />
and barges. The defence, for Southern Water<br />
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Sir Bruce White, Wolfe Barry and Partners: ports and maritime engineering,<br />
1856 to 1991<br />
Singapore container port.<br />
Dartford Creek<br />
barrier, River<br />
Thames.<br />
Corniche,<br />
Saudi Arabia.<br />
Authority, was formed with twin leaf, steel drop<br />
gates, one resting on the other, spanning 30m<br />
between two massive reinforced concrete piers.<br />
In 1967, the Saudi Arabian Government<br />
commissioned the firm for a master plan for the<br />
future requirements of the Port of Dammam<br />
outlining the development of facilities during the<br />
next 50 years and for recommendations for<br />
developments required in the first ten years.<br />
Their report included consideration of economic<br />
and technical factors together with the requisite<br />
cargo handling facilities. It was decided to locate<br />
the port some distance from the shore thereby<br />
benefiting from the advantage of a balance of<br />
dredging and reclamation material. The increasing<br />
size of container vessels and bulk carriers,<br />
together with new systems of cargo handling<br />
including containerisation and palletisation, were<br />
taken into account when designing the facilities.<br />
Work on the massive project continued over<br />
many years including at one stage one of the<br />
world’s largest single contracts at that time<br />
amounting to over £600 million. All 38 berths<br />
were operational by 1980, but work continued<br />
over the next 20 years completing the<br />
development of the port<br />
Sir Bruce White, Wolfe Barry & Partners, after<br />
a long and prestigious record of engineering<br />
achievements around the world, were merged<br />
with Acer Consultants in 1991 and continued to<br />
operate as Acer Sir Bruce White, bringing a new<br />
dimension of expertise in maritime engineering<br />
to the consultancy.<br />
Removable dock gates, Gujerat, India.<br />
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Sir Bruce White, Wolfe Barry and Partners<br />
Selection of additional projects – some examples from 1950s to 1990s<br />
Port of Damman, Saudi Arabia.<br />
Sarawak jetties.<br />
Roll-on roll-off ferry.<br />
Port, harbour, maritime and coastal engineering<br />
1950 - 1955 Aden Dredging and reclamation, Preparation of Master plan followed by construction<br />
berthing and trading estates<br />
1952 - 1956 UK Reconstruction of Riverside 7 berths, transit sheds, offices, passenger building<br />
Quay and Albert Dock, Hull<br />
1953 - 1956 India Bombay Marine oil terminal 3 deep water oil discharge and loading berths with<br />
submarine pipelines, tankage, pumping plant, power<br />
station with distribution and network<br />
1954 - 1962 Singapore Reconstruction of East Wharf 4 deep water general cargo wharves<br />
1954 - 1979 Malaysia Penang-Butterworth Feasibility study of vehicle and passenger ferry services<br />
Ferry services<br />
including terminals and vessels, design and construction<br />
supervision of adopted works<br />
1956 - 1958 Trinidad New slipway 250 ton capacity slipway and side berths<br />
1958 - 1961 India Bhavnagar Dock Impounded dock development and movable lifting<br />
entrance gate<br />
1959 - 1967 UK Purfleet Jetty for unloading Studies on siltation followed by design and<br />
crude oils & bulk vegetable oils construction<br />
1963 - 1965 Hong Kong New dry dock for cargo liners Engineering feasibility studies, detailed design<br />
1963 - 1969 India Reconstruction of Mazagon, Reconstruction of existing tidal dock to form impounded<br />
Dock, Bombay<br />
dock for repairing and fitting-out, 2 building slipways of<br />
2,000 tons capacity, workshops and ancilliary works<br />
1964 - 1972 UK Cardiff Dock development Detailed engineering, operational and economic study<br />
with bulk iron ore terminal and with proposals for major development<br />
inland transportation system<br />
1965 - 1971 E.Pakistan Chittagong Dockyard Engineering, operational and economic appraisal of new<br />
(now<br />
dry dock, workshops, etc. supervision of construction.<br />
Bangladesh) Work suspended 1971<br />
1965 - 1968 New Zealand Taranaki Dredging harbour basin<br />
1966 - 1969 UK Whitehaven Harbour Engineering, operational and economic feasibility study,<br />
development for bulk<br />
preparation of plans for Parliamentary approval<br />
phosphate unloading terminal<br />
1969 - 1970 Sarawak, Port of Sibu Full engineering, economic and financial feasibility study<br />
1969 - 1971 Turks & Port study Feasibility study of port facilities<br />
Caicos Islands<br />
West Indies<br />
1971 - 1973 UK Ipswich Roll on/roll-off berth Feasibility study, designs and tenders<br />
1971 - 1974 Singapore Naval Base Wharves, workshops, armament stores, slipways,<br />
bunkering, water supply and other services<br />
1971 - 1975 Papua and Madang Port Study Engineering, economic and operational feasibility study<br />
New Guinea<br />
leading to long-term master plan<br />
1971 - 1978 Sarawak, Port of Sibu Wharf for ocean going ships, all ancillary services, cargo<br />
handling<br />
1971 - 1980 Libya Tripoli Harbour Master plan, detailed feasibility study, new port complex<br />
extending existing port, land reclamation, dredging,<br />
deep water quays, breakwaters, administration complex,<br />
dry dock, roads<br />
1971 - 1980 Singapore Jurong Wharf Extension Review of client’s designs, report on tenders, supervision<br />
of construction, deep water wharves, reclamation, sheds<br />
1973 - 1974 Malaysia Port Kelang Feasibility study leading to recommendations for long<br />
Kuala Lumpur<br />
term engineering, economic and financial Master Plan<br />
1974 - 1975 UK Tyne & Wear, Passenger Feasibility studies of service, specification for passenger<br />
River Ferry<br />
ferry and supervision of construction<br />
1979 - 1986 Kalimantan Kaltim Jetties New deep water jetties<br />
1980 - 1985 UK Barrow berths Construction of new berths<br />
1982 - 1983 Indonesia Pertamina oil Terminal New Oil Terminal<br />
93
Sir Bruce White, Wolfe Barry and Partners: ports and maritime engineering,<br />
1856 to 1991<br />
1984 - 1986 Kuching Port Authority New RoRo Berth<br />
1984 - 1988 Singapore Jurong Oil Jetty New oil jetty for Mobil<br />
1986 - 1987 Malaysia LNG Plant, Sapangar New LNG Berths for Shell<br />
1988 - 1989 Malaysia Malacca Oil Refinery Jetties New jetties for Petronas<br />
1988 - 1990 Pakistan Port Qasim Oil Terminal New jetties for ADB<br />
1990 - 1996 Saudi Arabia Rabigh Fuel Terminal New fuel terminal<br />
Pipeline and oil installations<br />
1953 - 1956 India Bombay underwater Underwater pipelines between Butcher Island terminal<br />
pipelines<br />
and mainland, with manifolds, pumping stations<br />
1958 - 1960 UK Tranmere Tank Farm Dyked reclamation on foreshore of River Mersey -<br />
bulk oilstorage and pumping facilities<br />
1961 - 1963 India Goa iron ore plant Iron ore plant, benefication plant and transportation<br />
systems<br />
1964 - 1965 UK Overland pipeline from Routing of pipeline from London to Liverpool together<br />
London to Liverpool<br />
with branch lines and pumping stations<br />
1966 - 1971 Saudi Arabia Desalination plant, reservoir Civil engineering works (in association with Ewbank<br />
and water tower<br />
and Partners Ltd)<br />
1973 - 1974 Singapore Underwater pipelines Twin 18in pipelines for fresh water across Kepel Harbour<br />
1974 - 1978 Libya Single point mooring, Feasibility study<br />
Zawia Refinery<br />
Power stations, industrial buildings<br />
1954 - 1958 UK Rogerstone Power Station, Civil and structural works for 120mw coal-fired power station<br />
1962 - 1965 India Kothagudem Power Station Civil and structural works for 240mw coal-fired power<br />
Port Dickson<br />
station Tuanku Ja’adar Power Station Land reclamation,<br />
intake dock and civil and structural works<br />
1970 - 1974 Saudi Arabia SGRO Dammam Quality control laboratories, fire stations, barracks and<br />
housing complex for port and railroad staff<br />
1971 - 1989 Singapore Cable car terminal Design of special foundations<br />
1989 Malaysia Power Station Stages 1 and 2 for 240mw oil-fired Power Stations<br />
Bridges, roads and railways<br />
1954 - 1958 Iraq Amara Bridge Steel girder road bridge over River Tigris<br />
1956 - 1962 Iraq Kut Bridge Steel-box girder road bridge over River Tigris<br />
1956 - 1970 UK Bridge reconstruction Design of approx 40 rail and road bridges as part of<br />
programme<br />
major British Rail reconstruction programme<br />
1957 - 1967 UK Brent Cross Flyover First three-level flyover in UK<br />
Ministry of Transport<br />
1960 - 1962 India Bombay, Bascule Bridge Feasibility study and tender designs for bascule<br />
opening bridge<br />
1960 - 1967 Malaysia Prai River Bridge Rail bridge over tidal river with remote-operated<br />
opening swing span to permit navigation<br />
1961 - 1970 Iraq Suwaira Bridge Prestressed concrete road bridge over River Tigris<br />
1963 - 1970 UK Medina Bridge, Isle of Wight Feasibility studies for alternative opening or high<br />
level bridge to replace ferries<br />
1963 - 1964 UK Barking, Movers Lane Traffic studies, specification for competition for temporary<br />
Junction, London<br />
prefabricated flyover, advice to adjudicating panel<br />
1970 - 1972 UK/France Channel Bridge/Tunnel Development of schemes for combined road/rail<br />
Baker<br />
and tunnel across English Channel<br />
1971 - 1974 Malawi Liwonde-Dedza Road Advice to contractors engaged on major road project<br />
1977 - 1980 Tripoli New Corniche Ring Road Design and supervision of 4.5 km of urban road with<br />
split level junction<br />
1981 - 1991 UK Coulsdon Inner Relief Road Dual carriageway and bridges, including early bored<br />
tunnel bridge through existing railway embankment<br />
1986 - 1990 Saudi Arabia Dammam 40km dual carriageway with parkland, inland waterways<br />
and artificial beaches<br />
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<strong>Hyder</strong> <strong>Consulting</strong><br />
Bangkok Expressway, Thailand.
Acer Consultants: modernisation through the merger<br />
The new Acer Group was formally announced in<br />
late 1987 and there then followed many months<br />
of practical reorganisation of the two long<br />
established consultancies, Freeman Fox &<br />
Partners and <strong>John</strong> <strong>Taylor</strong> & <strong>Sons</strong>, into the single<br />
group that was to continue their worldwide<br />
operations. New management and company<br />
structures had to be established, business plans<br />
produced, clients briefed on the greater range of<br />
expertise available and existing office locations<br />
assessed to seek economies from the merger<br />
while retaining client relationships.<br />
It was in early 1989 that the major<br />
management changes were implemented, when<br />
a new group managing director was appointed<br />
and, for the first time in the long history of the<br />
two merging firms, this appointment was not<br />
held by an engineer. Eric Bridgen, who had been<br />
a non-executive director of Freeman Fox &<br />
Partners since 1985, joined the Group in this new<br />
executive role, bringing with him extensive<br />
experience in industry with BP and British<br />
Oxygen. Given the larger group of companies<br />
operating in an ever more dynamic and<br />
competitive worldwide market, such an<br />
appointment was essential.<br />
Another break with tradition was to come<br />
about later in 1989. When the Acer Group was<br />
first formed it was clear that the head offices of<br />
the two forming firms, situated only 400 yards<br />
apart in Westminster, presented a prime<br />
opportunity for rationalisation. The historical<br />
need for consulting firms to be based close to<br />
Government Ministries was no longer essential<br />
and the company and staff costs of operating<br />
from a central London base were causing<br />
concern. It was therefore decided to relocate the<br />
head offices out of London. After extensive staff<br />
consultation a new head office for the Group was<br />
opened at Guildford in Surrey.<br />
One of the first new ventures for the Group<br />
was in response to the strong demand for<br />
engineering skills created by the UK water<br />
industry in its need to meet European<br />
Community standards for drinking water and<br />
sewage treatment. The formation of a joint<br />
venture company with Severn Trent Water, one of<br />
the largest of the water companies, was named<br />
Acer Engineering and was guaranteed a large<br />
workload by the water company. The Acer offices<br />
in Birmingham and Bath were assigned to the<br />
company to address the expected expansion.<br />
Although the merger of Freeman Fox and<br />
<strong>John</strong> <strong>Taylor</strong> had brought together complementary<br />
engineering skills to allow the Acer Group to<br />
address opportunities in a wide range of sectors,<br />
management recognised that there were still<br />
some gaps in the Group’s portfolio before it<br />
could be considered as totally multi-disciplinary.<br />
The most significant gap in the UK operations was<br />
in building structures and action was therefore<br />
taken to identify consultancies in this sector that<br />
might be attracted to join the expanding Acer<br />
Group. As a result, from 1989 to 1990, a number<br />
of small specialist building structures<br />
consultancies joined the Group.<br />
The first of these was Peter Hayes-Watkins &<br />
Partners, located at Maidstone and with a strong<br />
client base throughout the Home Counties.<br />
Other building structures consultancies that<br />
joined the Group were Hay Barry & Partners,<br />
Armand Safier & Partners and Roughton &<br />
Fenton. The resources of these firms were<br />
managed as the building structures division of<br />
Acer Consultants.<br />
These early years of the Acer Group saw<br />
significant expansion of the business and plans<br />
for further sectoral and geographical ventures<br />
were planned. However, all this growth had to be<br />
funded, and management sought solutions that<br />
could provide added business strength as well as<br />
financial security. In this regard a major<br />
investment into the group was achieved in late<br />
1990 when the US firm American Capital and<br />
Research Corporation (ACRC) acquired 20% of<br />
the Acer Group and a new joint venture company,<br />
Acer-ICF Ltd was set up. ACRC was one of<br />
America’s largest service companies with<br />
Eric Bridgen, born 1933<br />
Extensive experience in industry<br />
with BP, British Oxygen and 3i.<br />
Appointed Non-Executive Director<br />
of Freeman Fox & Partners in 1985.<br />
Group Managing Director of Acer<br />
Consultants 1988-1993.<br />
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Acer Consultants to <strong>Hyder</strong> <strong>Consulting</strong><br />
London Docklands Light Railway.<br />
Tuen Mun LRT, Hong Kong.<br />
subsidiaries that operated in similar sectors to<br />
Acer, such as engineering and environmental,<br />
and which therefore presented significant<br />
opportunities for the joint venture.<br />
One of ACRC’s key subsidiaries was ICF<br />
Kaiser Engineers, which was formed when ACRC<br />
acquired Kaiser Engineers in 1988. This long<br />
established engineering firm dated from 1914 and<br />
had a high level portfolio of historical projects to<br />
its name, including the Hoover and Grand<br />
Coolee Dams and the San Francisco – Oakland<br />
Bay Bridge. It was the corporate CV of this firm<br />
that held the greatest opportunities for Acer in<br />
project joint ventures and joint offices were set<br />
up in UK and Hong Kong. In addition, a senior<br />
staff exchange between the UK and Pittsburgh<br />
was established to help develop environmental<br />
opportunities in the UK and water opportunities<br />
in USA.<br />
One of the projects benefiting from this new<br />
relationship was Acer’s involvement with the<br />
London Docklands Light Railway. Acer had been<br />
associated with the project since 1984,<br />
undertaking a feasibility study for further<br />
extensions to the planned network. In 1989, Acer,<br />
in association with ICF Kaiser Engineers, was<br />
asked to assess and quantify the reliability of the<br />
first 21 vehicles and determine the performance<br />
of single and coupled vehicles, using modern<br />
reliability engineering techniques to compare<br />
performance with industry norms. Two years later<br />
they were again involved in appraising the new<br />
light rail stock and in studying electromagnetic<br />
interference aspects of the vehicle and trackside<br />
equipment. The Lewisham Extension of the<br />
Docklands Light Railway was later developed as a<br />
public/private sector joint venture with the firm,<br />
catering for 12 to 16 million passengers per annum.<br />
Following on from the success of the Mass<br />
Transit Railway undertaken by the firm in Hong<br />
Kong, they were commissioned by KCRC, with<br />
Belgian consultant Tractobel, in 1985 to<br />
undertake project management and construction<br />
supervision of the design and build project Tuen<br />
Mun LRT, a light rail system to serve the Western<br />
New Territories sub-region in Hong Kong. The<br />
initial phase was completed in 1992 with 22.5km<br />
of double track and 41 stops in a HK$110 million<br />
project, with further extensions following in<br />
later years.<br />
Melbourne Water Treatment Works, England.<br />
Further work in Hong Kong was undertaken<br />
by Acer for the Strategic Sewage Disposal<br />
Scheme, a US$200 million project that<br />
commenced in 1990. This involved a strategic<br />
study of land based and marine sewage treatment<br />
and disposal options and the preliminary design<br />
of the scheme involving tunnelled sewers, marine<br />
outfalls and primary sewage treatment. Technical<br />
assistance was also provided for Rural Water<br />
Supply Schemes at 140 locations throughout<br />
Malaysia from 1985 to 1990. In the UK, the<br />
traditional strengths of the firm were much in<br />
demand with projects such as the Melbourne<br />
Water Treatment Works extensions for Seven<br />
Trent Water. The Fylde Coast Water<br />
Improvement Scheme covered a 25km stretch of<br />
coast in the North West of England and Acer<br />
undertook the design and construction<br />
supervision of the remedial works recommended<br />
in their report. Water quality modelling was<br />
undertaken for projects in Poland and for the first<br />
marine nature reserve in the UK off the South<br />
East Dorset coast. Effects on marine life of<br />
disinfected sewage effluent were investigated at a<br />
large UK coastal resort in the Anglian Water<br />
region. Acer Environmental provided analytical<br />
consultancy through its own laboratories, which<br />
had a worldwide reputation in microbiology,<br />
public health, virology and toxicology after it<br />
took over and further developed the Altwell<br />
Laboratories.<br />
At about the same time as the US connection<br />
was established, Acer Consultant’s presence in<br />
Australia was being strengthened. In 1985,<br />
Freeman Fox had commenced a staff exchange<br />
programme with the Department of Transport in<br />
the Northern Territories. Following this an office<br />
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Acer Consultants: modernisation through the merger<br />
Seven Spirit Bay Resort, Northern<br />
Territory.<br />
Sydney Tower at Centrepoint.<br />
was opened in Darwin and a joint operation was<br />
set up with local consulting engineers, Wargon<br />
Chapman Partners, who had been operating since<br />
1963. Many award winning structures had been<br />
designed by Wargon Chapman around Australia,<br />
including The Centenary Bridge in Brisbane, the<br />
American Express Building in Sydney, and the<br />
spectacular landmark of the Sydney Tower at<br />
Centrepoint. The construction of the 300m<br />
tower and the 10 level turret building presented<br />
an engineering challenge, requiring application of<br />
new engineering techniques and new materials.<br />
Many very tall structures around the world now<br />
use damping devices, similar to the tuned<br />
dampers/suspended water tank, pioneered at the<br />
Sydney Tower. Wargon Chapman also designed<br />
the tunnels and bridges linking Centrepoint<br />
below the tower with adjacent department stores.<br />
The joint operation of Acer Consultants and<br />
Wargon Chapman Partners expanded and their<br />
status grew until in 1990, with the creation of the<br />
Acer Wargon Chapman Group, the number of<br />
Acer staff in the country had risen to over 200.<br />
AAMI Building, Brisbane.<br />
Other major projects in this period included the<br />
Park Plaza Development and hotels at Darling<br />
Harbour in Sydney, the AAMI Building in<br />
Brisbane and the Seven Spirit Bay Resort on the<br />
Coburg Peninsula in the Northern Territory.<br />
Wargon Chapman had been thinking about<br />
the problem of solving the daily congestion on<br />
the Sydney Harbour Bridge where, by 1986,<br />
13,000 vehicles were crossing the harbour an<br />
hour in the peak period, as many as it had<br />
carried in a whole day when it was opened in<br />
1932. In 1984, Wargon Chapman approached<br />
Transfield, one of Australia’s largest construction<br />
companies, and Kumagai Gumi, with whom<br />
Freeman Fox & Partners were undertaking the<br />
Eastern Harbour Crossing in Hong Kong. The<br />
proposed immersed tube tunnel had the<br />
advantage of requiring no private land requisition<br />
and would link to expressways on both sides of<br />
the bridge with no adverse permanent impact on<br />
the environment. The Sydney Harbour Tunnel<br />
Company was formed as a build operate transfer<br />
(BOT) company with an agreement to build the<br />
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Acer Consultants to <strong>Hyder</strong> <strong>Consulting</strong><br />
Sydney Harbour Tunnel.<br />
Towing of tunnel units for Sydney<br />
Harbour Tunnel.<br />
tunnel for a fixed total of AUD$408 million in<br />
1986 dollars. Wargon Chapman Partners<br />
undertook the role of design managers and<br />
designers of the ventilation stations (one of<br />
which imaginatively utilised one of the towers<br />
framing the Harbour Bridge) and Acer<br />
Consultants provided the expertise and key<br />
personnel for the design of the 1km immersed<br />
tube component of the project.<br />
The Sydney Harbour Tunnel proved to be<br />
another successful pre-emptive Design Build<br />
Finance and Operate (DBFO) scheme for Acer<br />
Consultants, easing the traffic burden on the<br />
bridge designed by the firm over 50 years<br />
previously, when it was opened in 1992. It was<br />
the first major privately funded infrastructure<br />
project in New South Wales, the longest road<br />
tunnel in Australia and the first incorporating<br />
immersed tube units. The immersed tube<br />
sections which comprised the central section of<br />
the tunnel were floated up from the casting yard<br />
at Port Kembla, 90km to the south of Sydney, in<br />
an 24 hour sea tow, the first time reinforced<br />
concrete tunnel units of such size had ever been<br />
towed in the open sea. The units were 120m<br />
long, 26m wide and 7.5m high and were<br />
constructed in two batches of four, each unit<br />
weighing 24,000 tonnes. They were sunk into the<br />
trench which had to be completed in the busiest,<br />
most photographed part of the harbour, without<br />
interference to shipping and with minimal impact<br />
on water quality and marine life, all essential to<br />
preserving Sydney’s natural beauty.<br />
Western Harbour Crossing, Hong Kong.<br />
Toll booth, Western Harbour<br />
Crossing, Hong Kong.<br />
Western Harbour Crossing under<br />
construction, Hong Kong.<br />
Elsewhere, further major immersed tube<br />
tunnels followed. In Hong Kong, the Western<br />
Harbour Crossing, containing a dual three-lane<br />
highway was built by Nishimatsu and Kumagai in<br />
a Joint Venture that commenced in 1991, with<br />
Acer, in joint venture with Maunsell, providing<br />
the design for the HK$4,500 million project,<br />
which was completed in 1997. Also, the new<br />
Airport Railway Tunnel Crossing began in 1993<br />
in a HK$900 million joint venture with Tarmac<br />
and Kumagai with Acer as the designers. Further<br />
immersed tube tunnel design projects continued,<br />
including work for one of the bidders for the<br />
Oresund Crossing between Denmark and<br />
Sweden and the design for the River Lee<br />
Crossing, Cork, in Eire for Tarmac/Wallis JV.<br />
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Acer Consultants: modernisation through the merger<br />
Also at this time, Hong Kong decided to<br />
build a new airport on the north shore of Lantau<br />
Island. The previously undeveloped island was<br />
remote from the main population centres of<br />
Kowloon and Hong Kong Island and the<br />
Government determined that new transport links<br />
should include a new Airport Railway to provide<br />
both high speed and local services. Acer were<br />
joint consultants to establish the feasibility of the<br />
railway and the location of its principal stations<br />
and route. Later, they were appointed by the<br />
MTRC to design the complex interchange station<br />
at Lai King, which involved converting an existing<br />
station (previously designed by Freeman Fox) to<br />
allow cross platform interchange - all without<br />
disrupting ongoing MTR operations.<br />
Freeman Fox had been involved in the<br />
design of the First Bangkok Expressway in the<br />
1980s. Bangkok had become notorious for its<br />
traffic congestion and relief was sought by<br />
constructing elevated toll roads. This policy was<br />
much expanded in the 1990s when further stages<br />
were added. Acer was appointed by Kumagai<br />
Bangkok Expressway, Thailand.<br />
Gumi and designed a very advanced structure<br />
based on the use of precast segments stressed<br />
together by external, deflected tendons without<br />
glued joints. Large self-launching girders<br />
supported a whole span of segments during<br />
erection with minimum impact on the city<br />
streets. This allowed phenomenal rates of<br />
construction to be achieved. After Kumagai Gumi<br />
withdrew from Thailand, further sections of<br />
expressway were designed for the German firm<br />
of Bilfinger Berger based on the same techniques.<br />
In addition to expressways, relief from traffic<br />
congestion was sought through the construction<br />
of an elevated light railway in Bangkok. Acer<br />
were employed by the scheme’s sponsors to<br />
develop suitable routes and stations to establish<br />
its feasibility and economic viability.<br />
In 1990, a unique event took place at HMS<br />
President on the River Thames when the firm’s<br />
copies of the drawings for the Crystal Palace from<br />
1851 were handed over by Gwilym Roberts<br />
(Acer’s Chairman) to Sir Douglas Rooke,<br />
Chairman of the 1851 Exhibition Committee for<br />
archival storage. Today, they are held<br />
by Imperial College, London, in their<br />
collection. The Crystal Palace had been<br />
the iconic building of its age and its<br />
construction had brought about the<br />
founding of the firm which was to<br />
become Acer Consultants. The firm<br />
continued its tradition with building<br />
excellence and innovative techniques.<br />
For the Queen Elizabeth II Conference<br />
Centre in Westminster, special services<br />
had been provided to Bovis<br />
Construction for the construction,<br />
which included very large diagrid floors.<br />
For the major European research<br />
centre, the European Synchrotron<br />
Radiation Facility in Grenoble, France,<br />
planning, design, project management<br />
and construction supervision of<br />
structural and M&E building services<br />
were provided for the administration<br />
and technical buildings. The FF1450<br />
million project was completed in 1994<br />
to assist the contracting countries to<br />
carry out fundamental and applied<br />
research into particle physics with the<br />
aim of keeping Europe in the forefront<br />
of such leading-edge science.<br />
100
Acer Consultants to <strong>Hyder</strong> <strong>Consulting</strong><br />
Museum of Art, Hong Kong.<br />
Hong Kong Conference Centre.<br />
Pamela Youde Hospital, Hong Kong.<br />
The tallest residential tower in Hong Kong at<br />
the time was completed in 1989. Acer Consultants<br />
were responsible for the planning and detailed<br />
design of the substructure and superstructure for<br />
the HK$250 million Tin Hau Development over<br />
the Tin Hau MTR station, which consisted of two<br />
towers, the tallest of which was 43 storeys. On<br />
the Kowloon side of Hong Kong, Acer was the<br />
structural consultant for the Museum of Art, and<br />
on Hong Kong Island it project-managed the<br />
development of the prestigious Hong Kong<br />
Conference Centre in time for it to host the<br />
historical ceremony marking the hand-over of<br />
the colony to China in 1997. Acer also provided<br />
design and construction supervision for the 14<br />
storey 1,700 bed Pamela Youde Hospital in<br />
Shaukeiwan which opened in 1991.<br />
A German manufacturer Maschinenfabrik<br />
Augsburg Nurnberg (MAN) invited Acer<br />
Consultants in 1989 to design a foundation<br />
building for a new 32m diameter radio telescope<br />
to be constructed by the company at Cambridge<br />
for the University of Manchester. Linked to the<br />
six other radio telescopes of the Multi-element<br />
Radio Link Interferometer Network (Merlin),<br />
the new Cambridge instrument was remotely<br />
controlled from Jodrell Bank. Renovation work<br />
was also undertaken by the firm at Jodrell Bank<br />
Lovell (Radio) telescope. Mitsubishi Electro<br />
Corporation (Melco), who had worked in<br />
association with the firm for the Anglo Australian<br />
Telescope and the Madley Satellite Communications<br />
Earth Station, again commissioned Acer in 1987<br />
to undertake design studies and site<br />
investigations for a new 8m diameter Japan<br />
National Large Telescope (Subaru) to be erected<br />
at the summit of Mauna Kea, a 4,000m high<br />
extinct volcano on the island of Hawaii. This was<br />
followed by conceptual design and layout for the<br />
building enclosures<br />
The long established Freeman Fox history<br />
in rail-related projects had continued with the<br />
formation of Acer and with ever increasing<br />
pressures for improvements to transport<br />
infrastructure, Acer identified the need for<br />
more specialist expertise within its operations.<br />
Accordingly, in 1991, the specialist rail transport<br />
consultancy of PW <strong>Consulting</strong> was acquired and,<br />
following the now standard principle, Acer PW<br />
was created.<br />
The ports and maritime engineering<br />
expertise of Acer was broadened by the merger<br />
with Sir Bruce White, Wolfe Barry and Partners,<br />
in 1991, which then operated as Acer Sir Bruce<br />
White. Although their best known landmark was<br />
the famous Tower Bridge in London, they were<br />
recognised as specialists in most parts of the<br />
world for their marine work: flood protection<br />
and coastal engineering, dockyards and slipways,<br />
ferry services and harbour craft, as well as<br />
dredging plant.<br />
The following year, 1992, saw further<br />
geographical expansion and sectorial<br />
consolidation by Acer. Following the unification<br />
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Acer Consultants: modernisation through the merger<br />
Fort Point Channel Crossing, Boston MA, USA.<br />
of Germany there was great interest in the<br />
potential for new development that existed in the<br />
old East Germany, particularly with the funds<br />
being allocated by the Federal Government. Acer<br />
embraced the potential by acquiring the firm of<br />
IPRO Halle, which was one of the largest multidisciplinary<br />
engineering consultancies.<br />
The geographical expansion was broadened<br />
when the Acer exposure in the United States was<br />
enlarged by the acquisition of the Philadelphia<br />
based consultancy of PSC Engineers and<br />
Consultants Inc. This environmental, civil<br />
engineering and architectural consultancy<br />
provided services to both private and public<br />
clients along America’s east coast. This business<br />
venture, together with the Acer-ICF venture, gave<br />
the Acer Group a firm foundation for further<br />
growth in the United States. Acer’s expertise was<br />
recognised with the design commission for the<br />
Fort Point Channel Crossing in Boston, MA, a<br />
US$25 million project which began in 1993. It was<br />
designed by Acer to be twice as long as any other<br />
in the world and with the largest traffic capacity<br />
ever built.<br />
In reviews of sectorial consolidation, Acer<br />
had for some time considered that a greater<br />
involvement in the transportation study area was<br />
essential. For years the firm had had the ability<br />
to seek project involvement from Halcrow Fox<br />
and Associates (HFA), the transportation planning<br />
subsidiary jointly owned with the Halcrow Group.<br />
However, over the previous decade the overlap<br />
of Acer and Halcrow activities had increased and<br />
the ability of HFA to serve two competing parents<br />
had become more difficult. Acer, therefore<br />
decided that the transportation planning<br />
activities had to become 100% within Acer<br />
control. The 50% share in HFA was sold to<br />
Halcrow and Acer acquired the specialist firm of<br />
TecnEcon, bringing expertise not only in transport<br />
planning, but also economics, regeneration and<br />
environmental studies. The economic and<br />
transportation business of TecnEcon added a<br />
further ten offices, many in Eastern Europe. In<br />
addition, specialist consultants in the field of<br />
aviation, Alan Stratford Associates, a TecnEcon<br />
sister company, brought experience in over<br />
40 countries.<br />
At this stage, the reach of Acer Consultants<br />
was truly global and the resulting structures and<br />
infrastructure developments brought improvements<br />
to millions of people around the world.<br />
In the field of highway projects Acer<br />
continued the significant business that had been<br />
originally conceived back in the 1950s by Freeman<br />
Fox. Although securing commissions had to be by<br />
fee competition now, the firm maintained a large<br />
work load. In the UK, projects were for trunk<br />
road by-passes and motorway widening, often as<br />
part of a design and construct team with a<br />
contractor. Acer and Fairclough Civil Engineering<br />
won the first scheme offered by the Department<br />
of Transport for the A35 Yellowham Hill to<br />
Troytown Improvement in 1990.<br />
Involvement in these new project frameworks<br />
was further extended when, in 1995, after it was<br />
acquired by Welsh Water, Acer Consultants was<br />
part of the group known as “UK Highways” that<br />
was awarded one of the first Design, Build,<br />
Finance & Operate projects from the UK<br />
Government for the improvement and<br />
maintenance of the M40 Motorway.<br />
Elsewhere, major projects continued in Kuwait<br />
and the United Arab Emirates while projects in<br />
Asia were mainly funded by the international<br />
agencies such as the World Bank and the Asian<br />
Development Bank. Projects in India, Pakistan,<br />
Laos and Vietnam were funded in this way. In<br />
these countries the projects included the design<br />
and construction supervision of many kilometres<br />
of upgrading of existing roads to dual carriageway<br />
standard as well as providing technical advice to<br />
both Federal and State Authorities and indigenous<br />
engineering firms. As the need for infrastructure<br />
improvement in such countries increased, the<br />
locations of projects became further removed<br />
from the main urban centres and this provided<br />
new challenges for the staff who were involved.<br />
A35 Yellowham Hill to Troytown<br />
Improvement, Dorset, England.<br />
102
Acer Consultants to <strong>Hyder</strong> <strong>Consulting</strong><br />
Aerial view of Stratford Depot, London.<br />
Second Malaysia-Singapore Crossing.<br />
In 1993, Acer was appointed as joint<br />
consultants for the design of the Second<br />
Malaysia-Singapore Crossing, the first fixed link<br />
between Malaysia and Singapore since the<br />
famous causeway was opened. A long approach<br />
viaduct constructed of precast post-tensioned<br />
segments led to the main span over the shipping<br />
channel constructed from in-situ post tensioned<br />
balanced cantilevers.<br />
A new direction for Acer Consultants came in<br />
1992 with the development of term consultancies<br />
for the UK Government and local authorities.<br />
One such was the Westminster Term Consultancy<br />
for highways, traffic, structures and landscape, a<br />
three-year term consultancy for all aspects of<br />
engineering planning and design as well as<br />
environmental projects in the centre of London.<br />
This led on to many additional contracts and was<br />
renewed in 1995 for a further three-year period.<br />
Early in the regeneration of parts of<br />
London’s East End and Docklands, Acer was the<br />
technical contractor for the Stratford Depot, a<br />
major maintenance depot housed beneath a<br />
Stratford Station, London.<br />
dramatic roof structure designed by architect<br />
Wilkinson Eyre for London Underground’s<br />
Jubilee Line Extension. The dramatic modern<br />
design of Stratford Station will help form the<br />
first impressions of many visitors to the main<br />
2012 London Olympics venues. Work began in<br />
1994 with Acer providing the structural design, in<br />
joint venture, to provide for passengers of the<br />
Central and Jubilee Lines, the Docklands Light<br />
Railway, Railtrack’s Great Eastern Line, Local<br />
Lea Valley Line and the North London line,<br />
creating a single major space to unify the<br />
disparate elements. The striking design was<br />
created using elliptical steel ribs acting as<br />
propped cantilevers, which are tied down to the<br />
concrete structure via cast steel bearings.<br />
Geotechnical specialists had always played an<br />
important role on projects within the Acer Group<br />
and the availability of expertise in geotechnics<br />
and risk assessments for contaminated land was<br />
extended when Engineering Geology Ltd joined<br />
the Group in 1993 with its reputation for quality<br />
services worldwide.<br />
103
Acer Consultants: modernisation through the merger<br />
In the Middle East, the firm had operated as<br />
a joint venture between <strong>John</strong> <strong>Taylor</strong> & <strong>Sons</strong>,<br />
Freeman Fox International and local company<br />
Arif Bintoak since 1987. The office had originally<br />
opened in 1974 in Dubai and had undertaken the<br />
design and supervision of much of the modern<br />
highway network of Dubai in the United Arab<br />
Emirates. It has also carried out substantial<br />
drainage and sewerage projects. There was a long<br />
established presence in Abu Dhabi providing<br />
sewage treatment, drainage and highway<br />
engineering, while the Al Ain office had been<br />
operating since 1977 principally on infrastructure<br />
projects. In the northern region of the UAE, Acer<br />
was commissioned for the study and design of<br />
maintenance works for bridges and culverts in<br />
1994 involving 50 highway bridges. In 1995, as<br />
part of the Dubai Transport Corporation’s<br />
National Public Transport Study, Acer reviewed<br />
the existing operation and made far-reaching<br />
proposals for public transport in Dubai to 2011.<br />
Re-use of treated effluent for irrigation greens the city<br />
of Abu Dhabi, UAE.<br />
The Garden City, Abu Dhabi, UAE.<br />
In the Asia Pacific region, Acer continued<br />
a variety of projects, such as undertaking the<br />
engineering and environmental design for a<br />
world class golf facility on Kay Sai Chau Island.<br />
Designed by Gary Player, it was Hong Kong’s first<br />
public golf course. In Malaysia, Acer was appointed<br />
independent checking engineers for the £260<br />
million Star System, an urban light railway system<br />
for Kuala Lumpur. The Star System was unique<br />
in Asia, being the first Build, Operate and Own<br />
railway project and will be 75km long when<br />
completed in 2015. Projects involving<br />
environmental and sustainable development<br />
aspects were carried out under the name Axis<br />
Environmental or Axis Natural Resource<br />
Development. One such was a World Bank<br />
funded project for the Metropolitan Electric<br />
Authority in Bangkok involving Axis in multidisciplinary<br />
environmental and safety studies and<br />
another, the management of asbestos abatement<br />
for China Light and Power at Tsing Yi Power<br />
Station in Hong Kong.<br />
Business opportunities continued to grow in<br />
China after chief executive Stuart Doughty played<br />
a key role in the largest trade mission that Britain<br />
had sent anywhere in the world. The mission<br />
“Britain Doing Business in China” was headed<br />
by Michael Heseltine and involved 120 leading<br />
companies. Acer was already engaged in projects<br />
in Beijing, Tianjin, Nanjing, Shanghai, Hainan and<br />
in Guangdong Province<br />
The firm undertook studies for new rail links<br />
between Hong Kong to the Shenzen Special<br />
Economic Zone in China. Also in China, a major<br />
environmental problem brought experts from<br />
Acer to Hangzhou Bay in a joint venture World<br />
Bank sponsored project. A pollution time-bomb<br />
had to be defused in the complex project in<br />
order to strike a balance between the waste<br />
disposal needs created by commercial<br />
exploitation of the area and the environmental<br />
needs of one of the world’s largest fisheries. The<br />
Bay stretches 300km north to south and 100km<br />
out to sea and is the source of 18 million tonnes<br />
of seafood each year, yet was polluted with<br />
effluent from one of the most intensely farmed<br />
and industrially developed regions in the world.<br />
An environmental and management master plan<br />
was produced with training and transfer of<br />
technology of fundamental importance.<br />
P. Nicholas Paul, born 1940<br />
Joined <strong>John</strong> <strong>Taylor</strong> & <strong>Sons</strong> in 1962,<br />
Chief Public Health Engineer for<br />
World Health Organisation (WHO)<br />
study of the sewerage needs of<br />
Tehran, Iran. Partner from 1974.<br />
Technical Director on the Cairo<br />
Wastewater Project. Managing<br />
Director of Acer Consultants, 1993 -<br />
1995. Fellow of the Institution of<br />
Civil Engineers, of the Royal<br />
Academy of Engineering and of<br />
CIWEM. In 2000 became Master of<br />
the Worshipful Company of Water<br />
Conservators.<br />
Stuart Doughty, born 1943<br />
Joined from Tarmac. Chief<br />
Executive of Acer Consultants and<br />
then <strong>Hyder</strong> <strong>Consulting</strong> 1995-1998.<br />
In 1997, appointed to the Export<br />
Guarantees Advisory Council of<br />
the Government and to the chair<br />
of the UK Water Sector Group<br />
Overseas Projects Board.<br />
104
Acer Consultants to <strong>Hyder</strong> <strong>Consulting</strong><br />
The Acer Group, after becoming the first<br />
European company to obtain a full consultancy<br />
licence to operate in Vietnam, undertook many<br />
projects such as one in Hanoi where a major<br />
component was the upgrading of local<br />
Vietnamese skills and technology transfer for an<br />
export processing zone and associated residential<br />
area for a population of 100,000.<br />
The growth of Acer had been significant over<br />
its first four years of operations. Its turnover and<br />
staff levels had increased threefold and its profits<br />
fourfold since the merger of Freeman Fox and<br />
<strong>John</strong> <strong>Taylor</strong>. Further expansion plans required<br />
additional equity and the Directors spent<br />
considerable time seeking external equity<br />
investors.<br />
In late 1992, the firm was approached by<br />
merchant bankers acting on behalf of Welsh<br />
Water plc to enquire whether there was a<br />
possibility for Welsh Water to acquire the entire<br />
issued share capital of Acer Group. Following<br />
extensive discussions a Memorandum of Intent<br />
was signed in October 1992 by Welsh Water, Acer<br />
and ICF – the latter being necessary following<br />
their earlier acquisition of 20% of Acer. Welsh<br />
Water’s interests in this business proposition<br />
were founded on their own expansion plans for a<br />
more extensive involvement in infrastructure on<br />
an international basis.<br />
Welsh Water had already bought the Cardiffbased<br />
practice, Wallace Evans and Partners, in<br />
1990. The founder, Wallace Evans, was one of the<br />
founder members of the Welsh Branch of the<br />
Institution of Structural Engineers in 1930. At the<br />
time of its acquisition, Wallace Evans was a multidiscipline<br />
firm of 700-800 people with particular<br />
strengths in water, marine and structural works.<br />
Notable projects carried out by the practice<br />
included the 1966 Commonwealth Games<br />
Stadium in Jamaica, a stormwater drainage<br />
study for the island of Barbados and all the<br />
feasibility and Parliamentary approvals work for<br />
the Cardiff Bay Barrage in Wales.<br />
While Wallace Evans had built an<br />
international project portfolio, particularly in<br />
the Caribbean and in parts of Central America<br />
and the Middle East, Acer’s acquisition offered<br />
Welsh Water a widespread international client<br />
and office base.<br />
The directors of Acer were mindful of the<br />
fundamental change to the firm’s control that the<br />
Welsh Water proposal would mean. However,<br />
they were equally mindful of the need to ensure<br />
that the Acer Group, which had been so<br />
successful following the original merger of<br />
Freeman Fox and <strong>John</strong> <strong>Taylor</strong>, could continue its<br />
success into the future.<br />
After the sale of Acer to Welsh Water was<br />
signed off on 22nd February 1993, Acer and<br />
Wallace Evans were merged with Wallace Evans<br />
becoming known as Acer Wallace Evans for a<br />
short time until the Wallace Evans name was<br />
dropped. Under Welsh Water, the Acer name was,<br />
however, only to last for three years.<br />
105
Acer Consultants: modernisation through the merger<br />
Selection of additional projects – some examples from the late 1980s<br />
t o the late 1990s<br />
Motorways, highways and rural road projects<br />
1985 UAE Dubai – Al Al Ain Road Design and supervision of 100km main road between two<br />
Emirates<br />
1987 - 2000 UK Automatic Fog Warning System design, contract documentation, site supervision<br />
System<br />
and commissioning for 188km M25 Motorway<br />
1988 - 1992 Pakistan Grand Trunk Road Supervision of 250km of road works, river crossings and<br />
upgrading<br />
1989 Morocco Tolled Autoroutes Rabat-Casablanca, Tangier-Kenitra and Rabat-Fes.<br />
Conceptual and preliminary systems design, review of third<br />
party proposals<br />
1990 - 1995 Turkey Umraniye-Altinazade Route location, preliminary design and construction;<br />
Motorway<br />
supervision of 6km, including viaducts<br />
1990 - 1996 UK East-West Route, A5 Feasibility study and route options to Stanstead<br />
1990 - 1997 Turkey Izmir to Cesme Motorway Design services as sub contractor to main contractor;<br />
dual 3-lane motorway, 84km long<br />
1990 -1998 UK Motorway widening Planning of widening for 107km of existing motorways,<br />
M1, A1(M), M25 and M4<br />
1991 - 1993 India Road construction study Multi-disciplinary study for Asian Development Bank to<br />
stimulate the growth of the industry<br />
1991 - 1995 Cyprus Limassol to Paphos Full design service and contract documentation on<br />
Highway<br />
35km route<br />
1991 - 1997 UK M4 widening, J4b to 5 Planning, design and supervision of construction of 5km<br />
of existing motorway<br />
1995 - 2000 India State Highway, NHS, Orissa Supervision of construction for improvements of 38km<br />
of National Highway and four long bridges<br />
1995 Turk- Road network Survey of the characteristics and utilisaiton of the road<br />
menistan<br />
network and a review of the administration and<br />
financing of the country’s road sector.<br />
1997 Hong Kong West Kowloon Expressway Design and construction supervision<br />
Bridges<br />
1987 - 1989 Dubai Al Garhoud Bridge Upgrading and widening whilst remaining open for shipping<br />
1988 - 1989 Denmark Storebaelt East Bridge, Specialist advice on design and construction<br />
Great Belt Crossing<br />
for 1,650m span suspension bridges<br />
1989 UK Second Severn Crossing Tender design, main span 450m, length 4,000m<br />
1989 Thailand Chao Phrya Bridge Bangkok Erection advice, main span 450m, length 780m<br />
1991 UK Skye Crossing Tender design, main span 320m, length 828m<br />
1991 Japan Tokyo Bay Crossing Design assistance main span 240m, length 4,400m<br />
1992 India Hooghly River Bridge Design and proof engineering, main span 457m, length 823m<br />
1993 Hong Kong Tsing/Ma Bridge Erection advice, main span 1,377m, length 2,032m for the<br />
World Bank in a joint venture<br />
1993 - 1997 Pakistan Haheed-e-Millat Bridge Bid evaluation, design and construction of major turnkey project<br />
1993 - 1997 UK Belfast Harbour Crossing Design for contractor and advice during construction for<br />
4km bridge which was ‘Highly Commended’ in the<br />
Concrete Society Award 1997<br />
1995 Zambia Luangwa Bridge Critical evaluation of study for 300m bridge on Great East<br />
Road In danger of collapsing<br />
1995 China Yangtse River Bridge Detailed appraisal for ODA project<br />
Jiangsu Province<br />
1996 Thailand Rama Vlll Bridge, Bangkok Tender design, main span 290m, length 420m<br />
1998 Portugal New Tagus Crossing, Lisbon Independent checker, main span 420m, length 8,000m<br />
Belfast Cross Harbour Bridge,<br />
Northern Ireland.<br />
Transportation studies.<br />
Tsing Ma Bridge, Hong Kong.<br />
106
Acer Consultants to <strong>Hyder</strong> <strong>Consulting</strong><br />
Guangzhou Metro, China.<br />
Govan Station, Glasgow<br />
Underground, Scotland.<br />
Ports and harbours development.<br />
Clockhouse Place, England.<br />
Railways<br />
1986 - 1992 Greece Athens Metro and Light Rail Economic and feasibility studies<br />
1988 - 1989 Denmark Great Belt Link Major tunnel and bridge rail link between Copenhagen<br />
and island of Funen. E&M design services for rail tunnel and<br />
contract documents for supply of all railway E&M works<br />
1991 - 1993 Phillipines Manila Light Rail Initial design<br />
1991 - 1993 Portugal Lisbon Metro Initial design and feasibility studies<br />
1993 - 1997 Turkey Istanbul Metro Initial design and construction supervision, E&M engineering<br />
1993 - 1997 Turkey Ankara Light Rail Construction supervision, tests and commissioning as<br />
sub-consultants<br />
1993 - 1998 China Guangzhou Metro Feasibility studies and initial design<br />
1994 - 1995 Thailand Bangkok Metro Initial System Initial design and environmental review<br />
1994 - 1995 Denmark Copenhagen Orestad Initial design and operations advice<br />
Minimetro<br />
1994 - 1998 Germany Erfurt-Leipzig/Halle Design and construction supervision<br />
High Speed Railway<br />
1995 UK Glasgow Underground Resignalling, supervision of safety signalling equipment for<br />
19th century metro railway<br />
1997 UK Tyne & Wear Metro, Sunderland extension, initial design and feasibility studies<br />
1997 UK West Coast Main Line Bridge renewals, design and construction supervision<br />
1997 - 1998 Taiwan Taipei MTR Feasibility studies for Stages 1 & ll<br />
Ports and Maritime<br />
1990 - 1996 Malaysia Kuching Port Feasibility study, design and construction support<br />
1994 - 1995 China Ports of Yantai Technical, economic and financial studies for new deep water<br />
berths and Fangcheng in joint venture, ADB funded project<br />
1994 Malaysia Kuantan and Kekakan Ports Detailed privatisation proposal, regional studies and<br />
shipping forecasts<br />
1994 Sierra Freetown Port Phased development plan for rehabilitation of port facilities,<br />
Leone<br />
economic and financial analysis, institution strengthening<br />
1995 Spain Port of Sagunto, Valencia Technical studies for expansion of port facilities and design<br />
and procurement for new bulk cement handling facility<br />
1995 East Africa Tanzania Institutional review of transport on lakes for Tanzania<br />
Railway Corporation<br />
1995 - 1996 Vietnam Saigon Container Terminal Detailed design of new container berths equipped with<br />
high capacity quayside cranes together with terminal<br />
development onshore of 20 ha. joint venture<br />
1998 - 2002 Saudi Arabia Qasim Terminal Feasibility study for oil terminal construction<br />
Building structures<br />
1987 Hong Kong Tai Po Gas Plant Design and construction supervision, major facility capable<br />
of producing up to 100 million cubic feet of gas per day<br />
1988 China Diao Yu Tai Hotel, Beijing Design and specification for all E&M systems for luxury hotel<br />
1988 UK Victoria and Albert Museum Preservation and building services<br />
1987 - 1988 Australia Jabiru Hotel, Kakadu Civil works for crocodile shaped hotel and convention centre<br />
1989 UK Hilton Hotel, Bath Design of additional multi-storey hotel accommodation<br />
over an existing reinforced concrete car park<br />
1994 Vietnam Hanoi Sailing Club Civil and structural services for US$10m modern building<br />
on Ho Tay Lake.<br />
1994 Australia Regent Gardens, Engineering design and contract administration of the<br />
South Australia<br />
earthworks, roads, sewers and stormwater drainage for<br />
major residential estate near Adelaide<br />
1995 - 1997 UK Clockhouse Place, Heathrow Civil and structural engineering<br />
1995 Turkey Glaxo Manufacturing Site supervision for new building with sterile<br />
Plant, Istanbul<br />
manufacturing suites<br />
1995 Ausralia The Gabba, Brisbane Town planning consultants for redevelopment of famous<br />
test cricket arena<br />
107
Acer Consultants: modernisation through the merger<br />
Water and Wastewater Treatment, Environmental Engineering, Structures<br />
1987 Kuwait Al Zour water storage/ Pipelines, pumping station, reservoirs from desalination<br />
Pumping project<br />
plant to Kuwait City<br />
1988 - 1991 UK Isle of Man First refuse incinerator built in UK to EC new emission standards<br />
1988 Jordan Amman water supplies Supervision of construction of three service reservoirs<br />
and trunk pipelines<br />
1990 Egypt Rural water supplies, Beheira Supervisory services in joint venture for massive World<br />
Bank funded project<br />
1990 - 1993 UK Mythe Water Treatment Works Major upgrade including addition of GAC and ozone treatment<br />
1990 - 1994 UK Leek Sewage Treatment Major extensions to existing works<br />
Works Extension<br />
1990 - 1995 UK Tittesworth Water Treatment Outline design and supervision of design/construct<br />
Works, Staffordshire<br />
contract<br />
1990 UK Penzance & St Ives Sewerage Design consultants for design and construct contract<br />
and Sewage Treatment<br />
1991 UK Cumbrian coast outfalls Coastal wastewater planning study, site supervision and<br />
technical support<br />
1993 UK Cardiff Bay Barrage Advice, project management, ground water monitoring,<br />
water quality monitoring, instrumentation<br />
1994 Thailand Chachoengsao Province Master plan and feasibility study with view to privatisation<br />
for 20 year plan to upgrade and expand water supply<br />
1994 UK Launceston Sewage Extension and improvements to existing works, winning<br />
Treatment Works South West Water’s Cornwall Division Site of the Year for 1994<br />
1994 Taiwan Common Trench Project Major study for reconstruction of all utility services in<br />
accessible tunnels in heavily-trafficked streets of Taipei<br />
1994 UK Aberystwyth Waste Ultra violet light disinfection plan to meet EU future<br />
Water Treatment Works requirements<br />
1994 Spain Industrial site Major survey of pollution from pulp mill and chlor-alkaki<br />
monitoring of effluent plant on Ria de Pontevedra and monitoring of discharges<br />
on local aquaculture sites and bathing beaches<br />
1995 UK Trawsfynydd Sewage Refurbishment of works for Nuclear Electric<br />
Treatment Works<br />
1995 UK 455 Railtrack sites Environmental liability assessments including risk of<br />
contamination<br />
1995 UK Brecon Beacons Underground service reservoir in National Park including<br />
Bryncoch, Wales<br />
landscaping works<br />
1995 - 1999 Greece Psyttalia Sewage Design and supervision of biological secondary services<br />
Treatment Works, Athens in joint venture, technical assistance<br />
Planning, transportation, economic and strategic studies<br />
1993 China Guangdong Highway Technical assistance and appraisals for World Bank Finance<br />
Financing Technical Assistance Office and Guangdong Province Communication Department<br />
1993 Zambia Luangwa Bridge Appraisal Critical evaluation and economic analysis for DANIDA<br />
1994 Europe Impact of Internal Market European Commission Studies, DGXXlll<br />
on the Tourism Sector<br />
1994 UK Merseyside Development Project appraisal and evaluation services.<br />
Corporation<br />
EU Objective 1 appraisal<br />
1994 UK Flood protection Assessment and development of Stated Preference<br />
appraisal studies<br />
techniques<br />
1994 UK Northern Ireland Railways Appraisal of railway projects for ERDF grant support<br />
financial viability<br />
1995 - 1996 China Yangtze River Economic, financial, technical, environmental, social<br />
Suspension Bridge<br />
and institutional appraisals for ODA<br />
1995 - 1996 Vietnam Ferry Services in Economic and financial appraisals to allow<br />
Mekong River Delta<br />
recommendations for future investment purposes<br />
1995 - 1996 UAE Dubai parking zones Review of existing controlled parking zones and<br />
investigations for expansion. Also vehicle<br />
telecommunications and control equipment studies<br />
1995 - 1996 UK London Underground Pedestrian movement studies and congestion analysis.<br />
Psytallia Sewage Treatment Works,<br />
Athens, Greece.<br />
Strategic studies.<br />
Environmental and transportation<br />
studies.<br />
Transportation studies and concept<br />
design.<br />
108
Acer Consultants to<br />
<strong>Hyder</strong> <strong>Consulting</strong><br />
Emirates Towers, Dubai, UAE.
<strong>Hyder</strong> <strong>Consulting</strong>: 1996 to the future<br />
The <strong>Hyder</strong> <strong>Consulting</strong> name, with which the<br />
company is moving forward into the next phase<br />
of its history, was born in 1996.<br />
The word ‘hyder’ means ‘confidence’ in<br />
Welsh (pronounced ‘hudder’ in Wales) and was<br />
the word selected by Welsh Water for its major<br />
rebranding exercise as it sought increasingly to<br />
move into non-regulated businesses.<br />
A key part of its strategy was to expand<br />
internationally by securing management and<br />
operations contracts. The consulting arm of the<br />
business, with its long history of international<br />
experience and contacts – a significant part of<br />
it in the water sector - was seen as a way of<br />
opening doors.<br />
Whilst this approach was pursued with, it has<br />
to be said, limited success, <strong>Hyder</strong> <strong>Consulting</strong>, first<br />
under the leadership of Stuart Doughty and from<br />
1998, current chief executive, Tim Wade,<br />
continued to become involved in landmark<br />
projects in its own right, notably the twin<br />
Emirates Towers in Dubai.<br />
At the time of its completion in 2,000, the<br />
350m high office building was the tallest in the<br />
Middle East and Europe and the ninth tallest in<br />
the world. Along with the adjacent 305m<br />
hotel tower, the two buildings have<br />
become a symbol of Dubai’s dynamic<br />
growth featured, amongst other places,<br />
on the cover of promotional material and<br />
first class menus of the Dubai-based<br />
airline, Emirates Airlines.<br />
The towers have paved the way for an<br />
incredible building boom across the<br />
Middle East, particularly in UAE, Bahrain,<br />
Kuwait and Qatar. Whilst in the 21st<br />
century, the great social and technological<br />
movements that drove engineering<br />
progress and innovation in the 19th and<br />
early 20th centuries are generally harder<br />
to define, the Middle East is perhaps the<br />
exception to the rule. Many countries in<br />
the region, looking ahead to times when<br />
oil and gas reserves will start to run down, are<br />
ploughing huge investment into diversifying their<br />
economies, particularly into tourism and leisure.<br />
At one time, it was estimated that between 25 and<br />
50% of the world’s tower cranes were situated in<br />
Dubai. Bearing in mind that barely 40 years ago,<br />
there was hardly any large-scale development in<br />
these countries, this is a significant shift.<br />
Outside the Middle East, other projects<br />
started in the late 1990s included the Melbourne<br />
City Link and M5 East motorways in Australia, the<br />
Sydney Harbour Bridge Climb and Federation<br />
Square in Melbourne for which the company<br />
received the Australian Engineering Excellence<br />
Award. This project involved building a completely<br />
new city precinct over the main railway lines<br />
without disrupting rail services in order to resolve<br />
an 80-year quandary over how to reconnect the<br />
central business district of Melbourne with the<br />
Yarra River. The square is home to a host of new<br />
cultural attractions, including the largest<br />
collection of Aboriginal art anywhere in the world,<br />
and has become the geographic focus of annual<br />
New Year’s Eve celebrations in the city.<br />
Tim Wade, born 1944<br />
Tim Wade grew up in Northern and<br />
Southern Rhodesia, now Zambia<br />
and Zimbabwe. He studied civil<br />
engineering in Scotland before<br />
being engaged on a range of<br />
significant projects in Africa,<br />
including the Carlton Centre in<br />
Johannesburg, then the tallest<br />
concrete framed building in the<br />
world; the Nacala Railway from<br />
Malawi to the Mozambique coast;<br />
process infrastructure in the<br />
mining industry and national<br />
highways. He was managing<br />
director of Murray & Roberts'<br />
Zambia subsidiary, some 3,000<br />
people, and built Wade Adams<br />
Construction, a contractor still<br />
active in the Middle East today.<br />
Appointed Chief Executive in 1998.<br />
Led the management buy-out in<br />
2001 and took the company on to<br />
the Stock Market in 2002.<br />
Dubai Marina, UAE.<br />
110
Acer Consultants to <strong>Hyder</strong> <strong>Consulting</strong><br />
Melbourne Federation Square, Australia.<br />
Air intake shaft, M5 east,<br />
Sydney, Australia.<br />
Visitors enjoying the<br />
view, Sydney Skywalk,<br />
Australia.<br />
Melbourne City Link, Australia.<br />
Project Aquatrine, UK.<br />
Around the same time, the company’s<br />
involvement started in West Rail in Hong Kong,<br />
and Project Aquatrine, the largest Public Private<br />
Partnership (PPP) project in the UK up to that<br />
time, involving the transfer of Ministry of Defence<br />
water and wastewater assets to the private sector.<br />
Through one of the Korean contractors<br />
appointed to work on the Taiwan High Speed<br />
Rail project, the company also became involved<br />
in the world’s largest civil engineering<br />
undertaking at that time. Taiwan is one of the<br />
world’s most active earthquake zones and, as<br />
much of the 43km of the 350km route that <strong>Hyder</strong><br />
was responsible for ran on viaducts or through<br />
tunnels, the design presented a major challenge.<br />
In many areas, the only access available was via<br />
farm or minor county roads, making delivery of<br />
equipment a major consideration. The resulting<br />
design approach was a balancing act between the<br />
high seismic loading; the very stiff structure<br />
required to meet the strict ride performance<br />
criteria, the need for an economic design and<br />
the need for a buildable design.<br />
The transition to the <strong>Hyder</strong> name wasn’t<br />
without its difficulties. The <strong>John</strong> <strong>Taylor</strong> and<br />
Freeman Fox names, in particular, had been<br />
West Rail, Hong Kong.<br />
Taiwan High Speed Rail Project.<br />
111
<strong>Hyder</strong> <strong>Consulting</strong>: 1996 to the future<br />
significant brands in the engineering world, and<br />
clients and potential clients did not necessarily<br />
equate <strong>Hyder</strong> with their heritage and experience.<br />
Furthermore, being owned by a major UK<br />
regional utility made a number of other UK<br />
utility businesses reluctant to give work to a<br />
competitor’s subsidiary.<br />
That ownership came to an end in November<br />
2000 when <strong>Hyder</strong> plc, burdened with the debt<br />
used to fund its expansion strategy, was bought<br />
by the US-owned utility company, Western Power<br />
Distribution (WPD). It became clear from an early<br />
stage that WPD’s interest lay in the utility<br />
operations, enabling Tim Wade and fellow senior<br />
directors to put together a management buy-out<br />
package.<br />
In January 2001, <strong>Hyder</strong> <strong>Consulting</strong> regained<br />
its independence, owned by its directors and<br />
senior management. Pressure came from certain<br />
quarters to rename the business once again,<br />
perhaps adopting something based on the<br />
famous names of the past. However, the changes<br />
of the previous 10 to 15 years and the effort<br />
invested in establishing the <strong>Hyder</strong> <strong>Consulting</strong><br />
name in the global market persuaded the<br />
directors to stick with what they had.<br />
The years in which the consulting business<br />
had been a small part of the Welsh Water and<br />
then <strong>Hyder</strong> plc organisations had seen<br />
considerable changes in the market for<br />
professional consulting services. The market<br />
crashes in Asia had left a number of the<br />
company’s traditional markets weak.<br />
Consolidation and stock market listings of<br />
consulting engineers had started to take a hold<br />
in the UK and there was increasing price<br />
competition, not only domestically but from<br />
emerging economies such as India and China. A<br />
number of years of losses needed to be reversed.<br />
Difficult decisions had to be taken. Among<br />
these was the company’s withdrawal from the<br />
Indian market and a substantial slimming back of<br />
its operations in South East Asia.<br />
Elsewhere, however, the company continued<br />
to take strides in the areas it had targeted for<br />
growth and expansion. After the completion of<br />
Emirates Towers, <strong>Hyder</strong> <strong>Consulting</strong> was<br />
increasingly recognised for its capability in<br />
designing tall buildings. In Australia, the company<br />
was appointed to design the Citigate Centre in<br />
Sydney and Latitude at World Square.<br />
The latter was the first major high-rise<br />
building to be designed and built in steel<br />
after the 9/11 terrorist attacks in the<br />
United States. Recent examples in<br />
Australia include the Ernst & Young<br />
Centre in Sydney and The Wave, a<br />
residential tower on the Gold Coast that<br />
received a 2006 International Emporis<br />
Skyscraper Award.<br />
Another major challenge faced by the<br />
business at this time was the continuing<br />
rapid changes in the way that technical<br />
consulting services were procured. Many<br />
of these changes put the emphasis on<br />
consultants working as part of integrated<br />
teams of technical service providers. Ever<br />
more frequently, the consultant’s client is<br />
the construction contractor or another<br />
third party in the supply chain, rather than<br />
the end client.<br />
Indicative of the number of new<br />
contract forms that have emerged in the<br />
past ten years, <strong>Hyder</strong> was the structural<br />
designer in the UK Government’s first<br />
ever schools Private Finance Initiative<br />
(PFI) project for Colfox School in Dorset.<br />
The company also designed the UK<br />
Highways Agency’s first Early Contractor<br />
Involvement (ECI) project, the A500 in Stoke-on-<br />
Trent, a complex urban highway widening project<br />
on which it worked with Edmund Nuttall.<br />
While steady progress was made in the<br />
company turnaround, a central part of its longerterm<br />
strategy was to expand, in particular,<br />
technical areas through the acquisition of smaller,<br />
specialised consultancies. Flotation on the Stock<br />
Market was seen as the obvious way to raise the<br />
money but, at the time of the buy-out, was<br />
probably seen as three to four years ahead.<br />
In 2002, it was resolved to proceed with a<br />
flotation by way of a reverse takeover of a listed<br />
cash shed. This allowed a quickening in the pace<br />
of change away from traditional engineering<br />
design towards more broadly based consultancy<br />
embracing a component of non-engineering<br />
services bringing increased value to clients. It<br />
gave the company access to capital markets and<br />
hence to acquisitions which further facilitate the<br />
changing face of the company. A number of<br />
Intelligent transport and environmental<br />
services are amongst <strong>Hyder</strong> <strong>Consulting</strong>’s<br />
fastest growing areas of work.<br />
Simon Hamilton-Eddy, born 1945<br />
Having joined Wallace Evans 1992,<br />
Simon became finance director in<br />
1993 after Welsh Water acquired<br />
Acer. He was also responsible for the<br />
commercial function for a number<br />
of years and was instrumental in<br />
bringing about the business<br />
mindset and structure that is so<br />
essential to the consultancy market<br />
of today. Along with Tim Wade he<br />
led the management buy-out of<br />
<strong>Hyder</strong> <strong>Consulting</strong> in 2001.<br />
112
Acer Consultants to <strong>Hyder</strong> <strong>Consulting</strong><br />
acquisitions have followed in the UK, Germany,<br />
the Middle East and Australia (see table). These<br />
have seen the company developing its capabilities<br />
in planning, environmental and other advisory<br />
services while continuing to build its engineering<br />
design services.<br />
Burj Tower, Dubai, UAE and under<br />
construction (below).<br />
Acquisitions since 2002<br />
UK<br />
Ashact (environmental and process<br />
engineering)<br />
Bettridge Turner & Partners (land development<br />
and transport)<br />
Cresswell Associates (ecology)<br />
Marcus Hodges Environment (environment and<br />
hydrology)<br />
RPA Quantity Surveyors (cost and project<br />
management)<br />
Germany<br />
Munnich Projekt (highways and transport<br />
engineering)<br />
Middle East<br />
Roberts & Partners International (mechanical,<br />
electrical and plumbing)<br />
East Asia<br />
ACLA (masterplanning and landscape<br />
architecture)<br />
Australia<br />
Adamus <strong>Consulting</strong> Practice (building<br />
technologies)<br />
IrwinConsult New South Wales (transport)<br />
Jeff Moulsdale & Associates (land development)<br />
Nolan-ITU (environment and waste<br />
management)<br />
Peter Clarke & Associates (building services)<br />
RFA (acoustics)<br />
Weathered Howe (building and infrastructure<br />
specialising in the tourism and leisure sector)<br />
This reflects the ever growing importance of<br />
'softer' skills in the built environment and the<br />
changing needs of client groups. The consulting<br />
market place of today is very different from the<br />
one in which Charles Fox first started to operate<br />
150 years ago. In those days, British engineers<br />
were largely unchallenged in taking their<br />
expertise on to the world market. Today,<br />
competition for design work comes from all<br />
corners of the world and, increasingly, from<br />
Shams Sky Tower, Abu Dhabi, UAE.<br />
companies based in developing countries whose<br />
lower cost economies give them an advantage in<br />
the increasingly cost-conscious environment in<br />
which consultants operate.<br />
Even so, consultants with their headquarters<br />
in the UK generated over £6 billion for the<br />
economy in 2005. As a top 20 firm, <strong>Hyder</strong><br />
<strong>Consulting</strong> continues to play a significant part<br />
in projects all around the world. Among these,<br />
<strong>Hyder</strong> is the consultant of record for the Burj<br />
Dubai Tower in Dubai which, when it is opened<br />
in 2008, will take over the mantle of the tallest<br />
building in the world. The company has also<br />
been appointed to design the tallest buildings<br />
in both Abu Dhabi, the Shams Sky Tower, and<br />
in Qatar. In China, <strong>Hyder</strong> <strong>Consulting</strong> has won<br />
four design competitions in the past two years<br />
for bridges.<br />
Projects such as these demonstrate that the<br />
ingenuity and skill that characterised the<br />
company’s origins and the engineers of the past<br />
are still alive and well today. <strong>Hyder</strong> <strong>Consulting</strong>,<br />
with its increased financial robustness and<br />
excellent skill base, is well placed to remain a<br />
world leader delivering client satisfaction and<br />
iconic infrastructure “footprints”. In this 150th<br />
year of the consultancy's operations, how fitting<br />
therefore that the firm should be named<br />
International Firm of the Year in the Association<br />
for Consultancy and Engineering/New Civil<br />
Engineer magazine annual awards for 2007.<br />
113
<strong>Hyder</strong> <strong>Consulting</strong>: 1996 to the future<br />
Major Projects 1996-2007<br />
1996 - 2000 Dubai Emirates Towers, Structural engineer for twin towers, both in excess of 300m tall.<br />
Winner of the Institution of Structural Engineers Excellence Award<br />
1996 - 2001 UK Cardiff East Wastewater Project manager and designer of plant designed to<br />
Treatment Plant serve 1 million population and cease crude sewerage<br />
discharges into the Bristol Channel<br />
1997 - 2006 UK Project Aquatrine Technical advisor for the contract to place management of<br />
Ministry of Defence water and wastewater assets with private<br />
consortia<br />
1997 - 2006 Ireland Dublin Bay Project Project manager and construction supervisor for Ireland’s<br />
largest ever environmental project, partially involving<br />
construction of a new wastewater treatment plant to<br />
eradicate crude discharges into Dublin Bay<br />
1998 - 2002 Australia Federation Square, Design of a major new city leisure and arts precinct built<br />
Melbourne<br />
over the main railway lines serving the centre of Melbourne.<br />
Winner of the Australian Engineering Excellence Award<br />
1998 - 2002 Australia M5 East, Sydney Designer of 10.5km complex, urban highway linking the centre of<br />
Sydney to the international airport<br />
1998 - 2003 Australia Melbourne City Link Highways engineering, tunnel design and traffic forecasting and<br />
management advice for what, at the time, was Australia’s largest<br />
privately funded road scheme<br />
1998 - 2004 Hong Kong West Rail Design of Nam Cheong and Mei Foo stations and 2km of<br />
connecting cut and cover tunnel. Winner of the overseas category<br />
of the 2004 British Construction Industry Awards<br />
2000 - 2006 Taiwan High Speed Rail project Civils designer for 43km of the 350km high speed rail line running<br />
across Taiwan<br />
2002 - 2005 Australia Latitude at World Structural designer of this 55-storey tower which was<br />
Square, Sydney<br />
‘launched’ from an existing heritage listed 14-storey structure.<br />
Winner of the 2006 Australian Steel Institute design award<br />
2003 - 2005 UAE Ski Dubai The first indoor ski slope built in the Middle East. Structural and<br />
building services engineer for the 83m high, 400m long slope<br />
2004 - 2006 Australia Sydney Skywalk Structural designer for an external viewing platform built 230m<br />
up on the outside of Sydney Tower<br />
2004 UK M25 Orbital Motorway Project advisor for the 30-year private concession contract to<br />
widening<br />
widen and manage 63km of London’s Orbital Motorway<br />
2005 Ireland U2 Tower, Dublin Structural design of this landmark tower in the redeveloped<br />
Dublin docks area, so named because the top floors house a<br />
recording studio for the world famous Irish rock group, U2<br />
2005 Qatar Dubai Tower, Doha Structural, façade and geotechnical design for 80-storey<br />
skyscraper<br />
2005 Qatar Education City, Doha Primary infrastructure design and coordination, plus the<br />
design and supervision of district cooling, IT/telecoms,<br />
security and utilities for a 800ha integrated<br />
educational development of international status<br />
2005 - 2008 UAE Burj Dubai, Dubai Consultant of record for the world’s tallest structure<br />
2006 UAE Shams Sky Tower, Structural, façade and geotechnical design of the 85-storey, 344m<br />
Abu Dhabai<br />
high tower that will be the tallest building in Abu Dhabi. It is the<br />
landmark building on a major leisure and residential development<br />
on Reem Island for which <strong>Hyder</strong> <strong>Consulting</strong> also carried out the<br />
environmental impact assessment and the infrastructure design<br />
Ongoing UAE Abu Dhabi Water and wastewater network upgrades; privatisation<br />
water projects<br />
advice; irrigation masterplan; asset management<br />
Ongoing UK National Roads Project management and technical advisory services for the<br />
Telecommunications project to modernise roadside communications on motorways<br />
Service (NRTS)<br />
and major roads in England and Wales<br />
Ongoing UK Transport for London Long-term consultant for a wide range of highways, transport and<br />
environmental projects<br />
Vietnam Six Towns water and<br />
sanitation project.<br />
NRTS, UK.<br />
Ski Dubai, UAE.<br />
U2 Tower, Dublin.<br />
Tianjin Chi Feng Bridge, China.<br />
114
On the future of consulting<br />
engineering: three short essays
On the future of consulting engineering<br />
“During the past 100 years, our native engineers<br />
have completed a magnificent system of canals,<br />
turnpike roads, bridges, and railways, by means<br />
of which the internal communications of the<br />
country have been completely opened up. Our<br />
engineers may be regarded in some measure as<br />
the makers of modern civilisation. Are not the<br />
men who have made the motive power of the<br />
country, and immensely increased its<br />
productive strength, the men above all others<br />
who have tended to make the country what it is?”<br />
Words that were written almost 150 years ago<br />
by the greatest of the engineering biographers,<br />
Samuel Smiles. But words that could equally<br />
be used today to describe the continuing<br />
contribution of engineers to the fabric of modern<br />
civilisation – the very building blocks of our<br />
quality of life.<br />
The consulting engineering profession has<br />
adapted to changing priorities of the public<br />
interest. The 18th and 19th centuries were the<br />
centuries of canals, railways and ports. The 20th<br />
century saw a resurgence of the road network<br />
and the rapid development of air and space<br />
travel. The sources of available motive power<br />
and energy evolved through all of this from<br />
steam and coal, to electricity, gas and nuclear.<br />
The genius of engineering has been to capture<br />
advances of science and apply these for the<br />
benefit of society.<br />
The 21st century will see further changes. And<br />
engineering will again be a vital contributor. The<br />
stakes are high – perhaps as high as the<br />
continuing viability of our planet as a source of<br />
sustenance for humankind. The ingenuity and<br />
adaptability of engineers will be key to creating a<br />
sustainable future. This might include the<br />
research and development of new sources of<br />
energy – low carbon solutions that don’t create<br />
damaging pollutants; the harnessing of our<br />
natural sources of power in wave, tide, wind and<br />
solar, that do not require the consumption of a<br />
dwindling fuel resource; the creation of new<br />
means of travel for passengers and freight that<br />
use more efficient and cleaner fuels; the design<br />
of buildings for living and working that conserve<br />
energy and recycle waste products; the<br />
imaginative development of integrated systems<br />
for production and commerce that require less<br />
travel, use fewer resources, but still provide the<br />
means of sustaining growth; the closer<br />
integration of the engineering, economic and<br />
social aspects that will form the foundations of<br />
a successful future for the planet.<br />
And the consulting engineering profession, the<br />
successors to the Foxs, the Freemans and the<br />
<strong>Taylor</strong>s, will again be one of the main hosts and<br />
nurturers of the knowledge required to create<br />
this new, sustainable civilisation. It has long been<br />
a noble profession. In future, it could be the<br />
most noble of all.<br />
Gordon Masterton<br />
President,<br />
The Institution of Civil Engineers, 2005-06.<br />
116
On the future of consulting engineering<br />
“This world can only support one billion people.<br />
The fact that it is supporting six billion at the<br />
moment is in part due to the resilience of<br />
nature, in part thanks to civil engineering.” This<br />
statement was made by David Bellamy during an<br />
ICE Conference 1990. The world population now<br />
stands at 6.5 million and it is predicted to rise to<br />
9 million by 2050. For the water engineer, there is<br />
a huge challenge to manage and protect the<br />
environment with an expanding population and<br />
an ever increasing appetite for consumerism.<br />
Added to this challenge, the world is now starting<br />
to feel the effects of climate change; rainfall<br />
patterns are changing, sea levels are rising,<br />
glaciers are retreating and incidences of extreme<br />
weather are increasing. The challenge for the<br />
engineer is to balance the ability to provide an<br />
environment which meets the quality of lifestyle<br />
demanded by the consumer without<br />
compromising the natural environment for now<br />
and for the future. The harder the engineer<br />
works to improve the civil environment, the<br />
greater the demand for improvement will be.<br />
The water industry is a good example of ever<br />
increasing demands on water supply and the ever<br />
increasing battle to meet customer requirements.<br />
With Thames Water and Anglian Water enforcing<br />
drought orders in Summer 2006, the issue of<br />
supply meeting demand has hit the media<br />
spotlight and raised questions as to whether<br />
water companies can meet future demand. From<br />
an engineers point of view, the current increasing<br />
demand rate is not sustainable and will come at a<br />
cost to the environment. Desalination plants<br />
could be provided. However, energy supplies<br />
will be required to drive the process and the biproduct<br />
of concentrated salts will need to be<br />
disposed of. A national water supply network is<br />
possible but the installation of the infrastructure<br />
would require vast distances of pipeline<br />
installations and use significant amounts of<br />
energy to drive pumps not withstanding the<br />
initial environmental impact of installing such an<br />
infrastructure.<br />
For the water industry to balance supply and<br />
demand, a compromise must be sought which<br />
would see the consumer reducing its average<br />
daily consumption combined with improved<br />
water supplies. Behaviours have to change<br />
through education, awareness and promotion of<br />
water saving devices. We are now seeing evidence<br />
of the public taking more personal responsibility<br />
for the environment we live in. In response to<br />
consumer demand, supermarkets are starting to<br />
promote carrier bag re-use and food will contain<br />
packaging with carbon footprints for the<br />
consumer to make responsible choices. The<br />
engineer needs to ensure that, as the consumer<br />
starts to take more responsibility, that these<br />
choices are available and that the industry can<br />
live up to its side of the bargain with reduced<br />
flooding and improved water supplies. The more<br />
the public can see evidence that this compromise<br />
will work, the more people will be encouraged to<br />
do their bit.<br />
The role of a civil engineer has been defined as<br />
one to direct the natural resources of man, but<br />
there needs to be the resources to do so, for<br />
now and for future generations. Engineers,<br />
Environmentalists and Scientists should take the<br />
lead and guide the public to a more sustainable<br />
way of life, before it is too late.<br />
Caroline Barlow<br />
<strong>Hyder</strong> <strong>Consulting</strong> 2006 UK Graduate of the Year<br />
117
On the future of consulting engineering<br />
This book records a glorious 150 years of service to the<br />
international community.<br />
It is a service which has spanned all continents and which<br />
has played a real part in furthering the welfare and progress<br />
of mankind; the improvement of living standards, economic<br />
growth, the shaping and harnessing of the environment in<br />
which we live.<br />
By its nature, it does not attempt to examine contemporary<br />
and future themes. However, it does provide a backdrop to<br />
those themes and a starting point for the next 150 years.<br />
We are all moulded by our history, <strong>Hyder</strong> no less than<br />
others.<br />
This history has given us a significant profile on the global<br />
stage, recognised as a premier league player in the markets<br />
in which we operate. There are, however, a number of<br />
constants, of which the first is change, and our markets<br />
demonstrate that year in and year out.<br />
Our clients are subject to ever-changing influences. Climate<br />
change and the conservation of scarce natural resources,<br />
together with the politics surrounding these sensitive issues,<br />
are current (2007) high profile examples evolving and<br />
changing with an increasing sense of urgency.<br />
A second constant of the past and the future is an<br />
understanding, a deep understanding, of our clients’<br />
industries, of their drivers, their ambitions and their<br />
aspirations.<br />
Our business was founded on providing advice to clients<br />
and the solution to their immediate problems. Once, these<br />
were what now seem straightforward, say transporting coal<br />
from the pit to the furnace, the crossing of a river or the<br />
provision of clean water. Now, they are more complex, with<br />
numerous planning and procurement studies, involving say<br />
whole-life costing and economic return forecasts, traffic<br />
studies, environmental impact and sustainability assessments<br />
- all of which may, perhaps, culminate in the construction of<br />
some physical works at the end of the process.<br />
However, the provision of outstanding client service runs<br />
through all of these.<br />
The final constant, and arguably the key to our success to<br />
date, is the relentless drive to have amongst us the very best<br />
people - finding them, developing them and maximising the<br />
impact and value they bring in addressing our clients’ needs.<br />
In the past 150 years, we have always found this to be true<br />
and it remains the foundation for the next 150.<br />
The nature of our market place has changed<br />
markedly over time, and will undoubtedly<br />
continue to do so into the future.<br />
One hundred and fifty years ago, our<br />
predecessors were robustly engineering in nature,<br />
with a significant entrepreneurial flavour. The<br />
evolution of professional services as they are now<br />
understood was still some way into the future. A<br />
golden era of major infrastructure followed and is<br />
still at large in some parts of the world.<br />
Increasingly, mature industrial societies under growing<br />
economic pressures are seeking to optimise existing assets<br />
rather than creating new ones. This increasingly places the<br />
emphasis on softer skills, many of them outside the<br />
traditional engineering skill set.<br />
This is a trend, indeed trends, of which we can expect to see<br />
more in future. The industry will have an ever-increasing<br />
component of non-engineers adding significant value to<br />
clients; very likely providing the key inputs that will pull<br />
through engineering design and construction rather than<br />
the other way around.<br />
Over the past 150 years, most consulting enterprises have<br />
passed through a cycle of single ownership to partnership,<br />
then to incorporated companies and most recently to public<br />
companies. At the same time, the offering has evolved from<br />
doing all that was needed to deliver say a railway, to<br />
concentrated areas of professional expertise, say bridge<br />
design, to full service offerings.<br />
Our own history shows just this. From design and execution<br />
of infrastructure internationally from a UK base, we are now a<br />
truly international business, domestic in all our market places,<br />
offering a range of client advisory and design support from rail<br />
through road, to traffic projection, ecology, property, building<br />
design (including work on the world’s tallest building), water<br />
and environment - all aimed at providing comprehensive<br />
solutions to clients’ complex problems.<br />
We are listed on the London Stock Exchange, bringing<br />
financial fire power to the consolidation of a craft industry<br />
into a substantial corporate entity. But the essence remains<br />
the same. Outstanding client relationships supported by<br />
truly exceptional people.<br />
This book provides a history and a record of outstanding<br />
achievements, which I strongly believe demonstrates<br />
<strong>Hyder</strong> <strong>Consulting</strong>’s ability to build on its past while<br />
shaping the future.<br />
Tim Wade<br />
Chief Executive<br />
<strong>Hyder</strong> <strong>Consulting</strong><br />
118
Bibliography<br />
Introduction: the birth of a profession<br />
Bourne, <strong>John</strong> Cooke. Bourne’s London & Birmingham<br />
Railway, 1970.<br />
Churchill, Sir Winston. The Second World War. Volume 4.<br />
The <strong>Consulting</strong> Engineers Who’s Who and Year<br />
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Godfrey, Honor. Tower Bridge. London, <strong>John</strong> Murray,<br />
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Hartley, Peter. <strong>Consulting</strong> engineering: constructing<br />
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White, Sir Bruce. The artificial invasion harbours<br />
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Fox & Henderson: the creation of the firm<br />
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Adams, W. Bridges, roads and rails and their<br />
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The Building erected in Hyde Park for the Great<br />
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Channon, Geoffrey. Railways in Britain and the United<br />
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Foreman-Peck, J. Narural monopoly and British<br />
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Fox, Francis. River, road, and rail: some engineering<br />
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Fox, Francis Sir. Sixty-three years of engineering,<br />
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Galloway, Elijah. History and progress of the steam<br />
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Gordon, Alexander. A treatise upon elemental<br />
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prospects of steam carriages and the comparative<br />
value of turnpike roads, railways and canals. Third<br />
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Grocott, F.W. The Story of New Street. Issued to<br />
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Birmingham New Street Station, 1 June 1854.<br />
Harrison, S.M. The early railways, 1825-50, 1986.<br />
Harter, Jim. World railways of the nineteenth century.<br />
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Kellett, <strong>John</strong> Reginald. Railways and Victorian cities,<br />
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Kirwan, Joseph. A descriptive and historical account of<br />
the Liverpool and Manchester railway, 1831.<br />
Luckhurst, Kenneth W. The Great Exhibition of 1851,<br />
Three Cantor Lectures delivered in 1951 before the<br />
Royal Society of Arts.<br />
McKean, <strong>John</strong>. Crystal Palace: Joseph Paxton and<br />
Charles Fox. Architecture in Detail, Phaidon,n.d.<br />
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. On-line,<br />
British Library.<br />
Sir Charles Fox. The Practical Magazine. Vol.6, 1876.<br />
Smiles, Samuel. Lives of the Engineers with an account<br />
of their principal works; comprising also a history of<br />
internal communications in Britain. London, <strong>John</strong><br />
Murray, 1862<br />
Smiles, Samuel The lives of George and Robert<br />
Stephenson, 1857.<br />
Wood, Nicholas. Speech in Newcastle, 26 October,<br />
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Sir Charles Fox & Son: the establishment<br />
of the consulting engineering practice,<br />
1857 to 1901<br />
Bolger, Paul. The Docker’s umbrella, 1992<br />
Box, Charles Edmund. The Liverpool Overhead Railway,<br />
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Harris, George Robert and others. Lord’s & the M.C.C.<br />
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Wheatley, London, Past and Present, 1891.<br />
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Wimbledon Boro’ News, January 14, 1927.<br />
Sir Douglas Fox & Partners: transportation<br />
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Astor, Gavin, 2 Baron Astor of Hever, Norwich, 1972.<br />
Building Services, July 1990.<br />
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Engineers, The Channel Tunnel Company, Ltd, 1907.<br />
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The Engineer, August 15, 1903.<br />
The Engineer, April and December, 1904<br />
The Engineer, April 7, 1905.<br />
The Engineer, December 23, 1910.<br />
The Engineer, October 3, 1913.<br />
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Journal of the Royal Society of Arts, December 19, 1913.<br />
Journal of the Royal Society of Arts, May 22, 1914.<br />
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The Railway Gazette, 21 November, 1927.<br />
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120
Index<br />
Note: Page numbers in italics refer to<br />
illustrations<br />
A9 Trunk Road, Scotland 64<br />
A13 Trunk Road, London 53<br />
A35 Yellowham Hill to Troytown Improvement,<br />
England 102, 102<br />
A500, Stoke-on-Trent 112<br />
AAMI Building, Brisbane 98, 98<br />
Abu Dhabi, UAE<br />
highways 104<br />
sewerage systems 75-76, 76,104,104<br />
Acer Consultants 59, 61-63, 78, 96-108<br />
Acer Engineering 96<br />
Acer Environmental 97<br />
Acer Freeman Fox 63<br />
Acer Group 63, 96-108<br />
Acer-ICF Ltd 96, 102, 105<br />
Acer <strong>John</strong> <strong>Taylor</strong> 63<br />
Acer PW 101<br />
Acer Sir Bruce White 101<br />
Acer Wallace Evans 105<br />
Acer Wargon Chapman Group 98<br />
ACLA 113<br />
ACRC (American Capital and Research Corporation) 96<br />
Adamus <strong>Consulting</strong> Practice 113<br />
Adelane House, London 52<br />
Aden, Yemen<br />
sewerage systems 73<br />
water supply 71<br />
Admiralty, The 11, 37, 46<br />
Adomi Bridge, Africa 48<br />
African Trunk Line 26<br />
Airport Railway, Hong Kong 100<br />
tunnel crossing 99<br />
A.J.Barry and Partners 85, 89<br />
A.J.Barry, Cochrane and Partners 89<br />
Alan Stratford Associates 102<br />
Alfred Beit bridge, Africa 40<br />
Algonquin Park Radio Telescope, Canada 51, 51<br />
Almondsbury Interchange, England 53, 54<br />
Altwell Laboratories 97<br />
AMBRIC 76<br />
America pumping station, Cairo, Egypt<br />
see Greater Cairo Wastewater Project<br />
American-British Consultants<br />
see AMBRIC<br />
American Express Building, Sydney 98<br />
Anglian Water 97<br />
Anglo-Australian Optical Telescope, Siding<br />
Springs, Australia 52, 101<br />
Architecture at Work Award 58<br />
Arif Bintoak 104<br />
Armand Safier & Partners 96<br />
Armstrong Whitworth 37<br />
Ashact 113<br />
Association for Consultancy and Engineering/<br />
New Civil Engineer Awards 113<br />
Athens Metro, Greece 60<br />
Avonmouth Bridge, England 53, 54<br />
Auckland, New Zealand<br />
Harbour Bridge 47-48, 48<br />
main drainage 71<br />
Austin, Bill 53<br />
Australian Engineering Excellence Award 110<br />
Axis Environmental 104<br />
Axis Natural Resource Development 104<br />
Baghdad, Iraq<br />
main drainage scheme 74<br />
metro system 60<br />
sewerage system 72, 73, 74<br />
Bahrain water towers 79<br />
Bandung, Indonesia<br />
Urban Development and Sanitation Plan 77<br />
Wastewater Master Plan 77<br />
Bangkok, Thailand<br />
Expressway 100, 95,100<br />
Light Railway 100<br />
Barbados, stormwater drainage study 105<br />
Barlow, Caroline, essay 117, 117<br />
Barry, A.J 85, 89<br />
Barry and Brunel 83<br />
Barry and Leslie 85<br />
Barry Dock, Cardiff 85<br />
Barry, <strong>John</strong> Wolfe-Barry, Sir 38, 70, 83-85, 83<br />
biography 83<br />
Bechuanaland Railway, Africa 26<br />
Beheira, water supplies, Egypt 77<br />
Beira Railway, Africa 27, 82, 28<br />
Beit Trust, Africa 40, 46<br />
Belfast Cross Harbour Bridge, Northern Ireland 106<br />
Benguella Railway, Africa 36, 36<br />
Berlin waterworks, Germany 16<br />
Bettridge Turner & Partners 113<br />
Bina Runding Sdn Bhd 77<br />
Binnie & Partners 69, 76-77, 78<br />
Birchenough Bridge, Africa 40, 43<br />
Birmingham New Street Station 10, 11<br />
Black & Veatch<br />
See Binnie & Partners<br />
Blackfriars Railway Bridge, London 85<br />
Blackwall Tunnel 85<br />
Bombay Municipality, India,<br />
sewerage system 71<br />
water supplies 71<br />
Bosporus Bridge, Turkey 57, 58, 59, 57<br />
Second Bosporus Bridge 59, 59<br />
Bradfield, <strong>John</strong> Job Crew 41, 42<br />
Braham, Fox & Co. 10<br />
Brahmaputra River Bridge, India 48<br />
Bridgen, Eric 96, 96<br />
biography 96<br />
Bristol Waterworks Company, England 70<br />
British Channel Tunnel Co.<br />
see Channel Tunnel<br />
British Mass Transit Consultants (BMTC) 59-60, 62<br />
British Metro <strong>Consulting</strong> Group (BMCG) 60, 62<br />
Bruce, Sir George Barclay 20, 82, 85, 82<br />
biography 82<br />
Brunel, Isambard Kingdom 8, 11, 15, 16, 66, 83<br />
Brunel, Henry Marc 83, 84, 85<br />
Brunlees, Sir James 31<br />
Burj Dubai Tower, Dubai, UAE 113, 113<br />
Butler Chappell & Fox 59<br />
Butterworth Deep Water Wharves, Malaysia 90, 90<br />
Cairn Ryan, Scotland 86<br />
Cairo, sewerage systems, Egypt 72, 76-77, 77<br />
Caledonian Railway 85<br />
Calvert, <strong>John</strong> 73, 73<br />
biography 73<br />
Camp Dresser & McKee 76<br />
Cannon Street Station, London 52, 83, 52<br />
Cano Limon – Rio Zulia pipeline, Columbia 60<br />
Cape Government Railways 26<br />
Cape to Cairo Railway 26-28, 36, 37, 40, 28<br />
Cape Town Railway & Dock Company 18<br />
Cardiff Bay Barrage, Wales 105<br />
Carnatic Railway, India 20<br />
see also Indian Tramway<br />
Castle Donington power station, England 50, 50<br />
Centenary Bridge, Brisbane 98<br />
Central Line, London 103<br />
Centrepoint, Sydney 98<br />
Chai Wan Station, MTR, Hong Kong 56<br />
Channel Tunnel, England/France 15, 21, 26, 30-33, 60,<br />
31-32<br />
Chatham Waterworks, London 72<br />
Chelsea Water Works Company, London 66-67<br />
Chenab River Bridge, Pakistan 49<br />
Churchill, Sir Winston 85-89<br />
Citigate Centre, Sydney 112<br />
Civic Trust Award 58<br />
Cleveland Bridge & Engineering Co 34-35, 42, 47<br />
Clockhouse Place, England 107<br />
Cochrane, J.A. 89<br />
Coedty Dam, Wales 49<br />
Colfox School, Dorset 112<br />
Colne Valley Water Company 69, 69<br />
Commonwealth Games Stadium, Jamaica 105<br />
Concrete Society Award 54<br />
<strong>Consulting</strong> engineer<br />
definition 2<br />
Corniche, Saudia Arabia 92<br />
Courier Newspaper 69, 69<br />
Cowlyd Dam, Wales 49<br />
Cranes 86, 91<br />
Cresswell Associates 113<br />
Crimp, William Santo 71, 71<br />
biography 71<br />
Crimp & Bruges Tables 71<br />
Cross Harbour Tunnel, Hong Kong 61, 61<br />
Cumberland Basin Bridges, England 64<br />
Crystal Palace, London 9, 11-15, 46, 47, 100, 4-5, 12-15<br />
see also Great Exhibition, The<br />
Dammam, Port of, Saudi Arabia 92, 93<br />
Dartford Creek Barrier, London 91, 92<br />
Den Chai Railway, Thailand 60<br />
“The Dish”<br />
see Parkes Radio Telescope, Australia<br />
Docklands Light Railway, London<br />
see London Docklands Light Railway<br />
Docks Napoleon, France 16<br />
Dolgarrog Dam, Wales 49<br />
Dome of Discovery, London 47, 47<br />
Dorada Rope Railway, Columbia 37<br />
Dorman, Long & Co 34, 41-42, 43, 47, 43<br />
Doughty, Stuart 104,110, 104<br />
biography 104<br />
Douglas Fox & Partners 20<br />
Dubai Marina, UAE 110<br />
Dubai National Public Transport Study, UAE 104<br />
Dublin Bay Project, Ireland 75<br />
Dublin, drainage, Ireland 75<br />
Dun Laoghaire, sewerage systems, Ireland 75<br />
Eastern Harbour Crossing, Hong Kong 61, 98, 61-62<br />
East India Railway, India 82<br />
East Kent Railway, England 16<br />
Edmund Nuttall 112<br />
Edwards, Jack 60<br />
biography 60<br />
Emirates Towers, Dubai 110, 112, 109<br />
Engineering Geology 103<br />
Ericsson, <strong>John</strong> 6<br />
Ernst & Young Centre, Sydney 112<br />
Erskine Bridge, Scotland 54, 57, 54<br />
European Steel Awards 54, 57, 58<br />
European Synchrotron Radiation Facility,<br />
Grenoble, France 100<br />
Euston Station, London 9, 9<br />
Evans, Wallace 105<br />
Ewbank & Partners 73, 74<br />
Exe Valley Viaducts 53-54, 54<br />
Fairclough Civil Engineering 102<br />
Faslane Bay, Scotland 86<br />
Fatih Sultan Mehmet Köprüsü Bridge, Turkey 59, 59<br />
Federal Highway, Malaysia 61<br />
Ffestiniog Power Station, Wales 50<br />
Festival of Britain, London 46-47, 47<br />
Fylde Coast Water Improvement Scheme, England 97<br />
Forth Road Bridge, Scotland 46, 48, 58<br />
Fort Point Channel Crossing, Boston, MA 102, 102<br />
Fortress Hill Station, MTR, Hong Kong 56<br />
Fox, Charles Beresford 34-35<br />
121
Index<br />
Fox, Charles, Sir 6-20, 23, 37, 46, 63, 113,1, 6<br />
biography 6<br />
safety switch 10, 10<br />
Fox, (Charles) Douglas, Sir 10, 16, 19-20, 22-26, 30, 36,<br />
38, 19<br />
biography 19<br />
Fox, Francis, Sir 13, 20-22, 24-25, 33, 36, 38, 20<br />
biography 20<br />
Fox, Henderson & Co. 10, 11, 12-13, 15-16<br />
Foyle Bridge, Northern Ireland 59, 59<br />
Freeman, Sir Ralph (Senior) 35, 37, 38, 40, 41-42, 44,<br />
47,48, 57, 42<br />
biography 42<br />
Freeman, Sir Ralph (Junior) 47, 46<br />
biography 46<br />
Freeman Fox and Associates 55<br />
Freeman Fox & Partners 19, 46-64, 98, 102, 111<br />
Freeman Fox & Partners (Far East) 55-56, 59, 61, 62<br />
Freeman Fox (E&M Consultants) 59<br />
Freeman Fox Group 63<br />
Freeman Fox (Holdings) 59<br />
Freeman Fox International 59, 104<br />
Freeman Fox Limited 59, 60<br />
Freeman Fox (Scotland) 59<br />
Freeman Fox (Wales) 59<br />
Freeman Fox Wilbur Smith and Associates 55<br />
Furness Shipbuilding Company 37<br />
Ganges River bridge, India 48<br />
Gatwick Airport study, London 55<br />
Glasgow Underground Railway, Scotland 85, 107<br />
Goliath cranes 51<br />
Grand Trunk Railway, Canada 82<br />
Great Central Railway, England 25-26<br />
Great Eastern Line, London 103<br />
Great Exhibition, The 11-15, 46, 100, 12-15<br />
see also Crystal Palace<br />
Great Indian Peninsula Railway, India 82<br />
Great Northern and City Railway, England 25<br />
Great Northern Railway, England 15<br />
Great Southern of India Railway, India 83<br />
Great Western Railway, England 11, 66<br />
Greater Cairo Wastewater Project, Egypt 76-77, 65, 77<br />
Greater Dublin Drainage Project, Ireland 75, 75<br />
Greathead, James Henry 23, 25, 30, 38<br />
Grosvenor Bridge, London 19, 19<br />
Guangzhou Metro, China 107<br />
Gujerat, dock, India 92<br />
Gyfynys Dam, Wales 49<br />
Halcrow Fox and Associates (HFA) 55, 102<br />
Halcrow Group 102<br />
Hamilton-Eddy, Simon 112, 112<br />
biography 112<br />
Hangzhou Bay, environmental master plan, China 104<br />
Harwich and Zeebrugge train ferry vessels,<br />
England/Netherlands 85<br />
Hartlepool Docks, Hartlepool 66, 68<br />
Haseldine, <strong>John</strong> Midgley 73<br />
Hawarden Bridge, River Dee 22, 22<br />
Hawkridge Dam, Somerset 73, 73<br />
Hawkshaw, Sir <strong>John</strong> 31, 33, 83<br />
Hay Barry & Partners 96<br />
Heathrow Airport study, London 55<br />
Henderson, <strong>John</strong> 10, 13-14, 16<br />
Hendrer Mur Dam, Wales 49<br />
Hever Castle, Kent 34<br />
High Marnham power station, England 50, 50<br />
Hillfield Park Reservoir, Hertfordshire 72, 72<br />
Hobson, George 22-23,28, 35, 36<br />
biography 23<br />
Hofuf, waste stabilisation ponds, Saudi Arabia 74<br />
Hoogley Bridge, Calcutta 57<br />
Hong Kong Conference Centre 101, 101<br />
Humber Bridge, England 48, 57-58, cover, 45, 58<br />
<strong>Hyder</strong> <strong>Consulting</strong> 110-114<br />
<strong>Hyder</strong> plc 112<br />
ICF Kaiser Engineers 96-97, 105<br />
Indian Midland Railway, India 82<br />
Indian Tramway 18, 18<br />
see also Carnatic Railway, India<br />
Indus River Bridge, Pakistan 49<br />
Inner Circle Line, London 85<br />
Istanbul sewerage systems, Turkey 80<br />
Institution of Civil Engineers, 38, 42, 44, 63, 69, 88<br />
International Firm of the Year 113<br />
IPRO Halle 102<br />
IrwinConsult New South Wales 113<br />
Island Eastern Corridor, Hong Kong 56<br />
Island Line, MTR, Hong Kong 56<br />
Island of Zealand railway 16<br />
Israel 37<br />
Istanbul, water supplies and sewerage<br />
systems, Turkey 78, 78<br />
Isthumus of Darien, Canal, Panama 15<br />
Istiqlal Street Flyovers, Kuwait 64<br />
Iver Water Treatment Works, Buckinghamshire 73, 73<br />
James Williamson and Partners 50<br />
Japan National Large Telescope (Subaru), Hawaii 101<br />
Jeff Moulsdale & Associates 113<br />
Jhelum River Bridge, Pakistan 49<br />
<strong>John</strong> <strong>Taylor</strong> & <strong>Sons</strong> 63, 66-80, 96, 104, 105, 111<br />
<strong>John</strong> <strong>Taylor</strong> & <strong>Sons</strong> (International) 62<br />
<strong>John</strong> <strong>Taylor</strong> Group 63<br />
Johore Baru, water supplies, Malaysia 77<br />
Jones, Horace 83, 84<br />
J.Simpson & Co 67<br />
Jubilee Line, London 103<br />
Kabul River Bridge, Pakistan 49<br />
Kafr el Sheikh, water supplies, Egypt 77<br />
Kafue river, Africa<br />
railway bridge 36<br />
road bridge 46<br />
Karachi waterworks, Pakistan 70<br />
Kay Sai Chau Island, Hong Kong 104<br />
Kennedy and Donkin 50<br />
Kerensky, Oleg 47, 53, 48<br />
biography 48<br />
Kew Bridge, London 85<br />
Kiel Harbour, Germany 16<br />
Kiev Suspension Bridge, Ukraine 16<br />
Kingston, sewerage systems, Jamaica 73<br />
Kinhill 77<br />
Kornhill Development, Hong Kong 56<br />
Korsöer Harbour, Denmark 16<br />
Kowloon Bay, Hong Kong<br />
Depot 56<br />
Development, Hong Kong 56, 56<br />
Kumagai Gumi 61, 98-100<br />
Kuwait<br />
effluent utilisation 74, 75<br />
highways 61,102, 61<br />
water supplies 73-75<br />
Kwun Tong Bypass, Hong Kong 62, 62<br />
Lai King Station, Hong Kong 100<br />
Lambeth Waterworks Company, London 66, 68, 70, 68<br />
Lam Tin Development, Hong Kong 61, 62<br />
Lancashire and Yorkshire line 15<br />
Latitude at World Square, Sydney 112<br />
Lea Valley Line, London 103<br />
Leslie, Bradford 85<br />
Lincoln Cathedral 38<br />
Liverpool and Manchester Railway 7, 8, 2, 7<br />
Liverpool Overhead Railway 23, 30, 23<br />
Livingstone, Dr David 34<br />
Llewelyn Davies 77<br />
London and Birmingham Railway 8-9, 37, 3, 8-9<br />
London and Blackwall Railway 15<br />
London, Chatham and Dover line 15<br />
London Docklands Light Railway 97, 103, 97<br />
London Lorry Routes Study 55<br />
London, Midland and Scottish Railway 9<br />
London, sewerage system 67, 69, 71<br />
London Traffic Study 55<br />
London Underground Railway 30, 85, 103<br />
London, water supplies 66-70<br />
M2 Motorway, England 53<br />
M4 Motorway, England 46<br />
M5 East Motorway, Sydney, Australia 110, 111<br />
M5 Motorway, England 53<br />
M40 Motorway, England 102<br />
McCarthy & Partners 75<br />
McCarthy <strong>Hyder</strong> 75<br />
Madero Docks graneries, Buenos Aires 37<br />
Madley Earth Satellite Station, Herefordshire 52, 101<br />
Madras Railway, India 82<br />
Maentwrog Dam, Wales 49<br />
Mafraq sewage treatment works, Abu Dhabi, UAE 80<br />
Malaysia<br />
power station 91, 91<br />
sewerage systems 77-78<br />
water supplies 77-78, 78<br />
Manchester, Sheffield & Lincolnshire Railway, 22<br />
Marcus Hodges Environment 113<br />
Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC), London 25, 25<br />
Marylebone Station, London 25<br />
Mass Transit Further Studies, Hong Kong 55<br />
Mass Transit Railway, Hong Kong 55-56,97, 55-56<br />
Mass Transport Study Report, Hong Kong 55<br />
Masterton, Gordon, essay 116, 116<br />
Maunsell & Partners (Maunsell Consultants) 57, 62<br />
Melbourne City Link, Australia 110, 111<br />
Melbourne Federation Square, Australia 110, 111<br />
Melbourne Water Treatment Works, England 97, 97<br />
Memorial Bridge, Bangkok 46<br />
Mersey Tunnel 20-21, 21<br />
Messina Straits bridge, Italy/Sicily 57<br />
Metcalfe, Charles 26-27, 36, 38<br />
biography 27<br />
METR-A<br />
see Athens Metro<br />
Metropolitan Electric Authority, Bangkok 104<br />
Metropolitan Railway, London 85<br />
Metropolitan Water Board, London 70<br />
Milford Haven Bridge, Wales 57<br />
Mitsubishi Electro Corporation (Melco) 101<br />
Modified Initial System, Hong Kong 56<br />
Montego Bay, water and sewerage systems, Jamaica 73<br />
Mott, Hay & Anderson 48-49<br />
MTR, Hong Kong<br />
see Mass Transit Railway, Hong Kong<br />
Muara Port, Brunei 89-90, 90<br />
Mulberry Harbours, England 85-89, 86-89<br />
Multi-element Radio Link Interferometer<br />
Network (Merlin), Cambridge 101<br />
Munnich Projekt 113<br />
Museum of Art, Hong Kong 101, 101<br />
Myton Swing Bridge, England 64<br />
‘Mystery Port’, Kent 85<br />
Nant-y-Moch dam, Wales 50<br />
National Highway, India 61<br />
National Plan for Water, Egypt 77<br />
National Railways, Zimbabwe 60<br />
National Rural Water Supplies Project, Malaysia 77-78, 78<br />
Naval Research Establishment, Scotland 46<br />
Neward Dyke, England 15<br />
Newcastle and Darlington Railway, England 82<br />
Newfoundland, water supply 70<br />
New River Company, London 70<br />
New Thames Bridge, Maidenhead 46<br />
New Victoria Bridge 19, 19<br />
New Zealand, drainage 71<br />
Niagra Falls suspension bridge, Africa 18<br />
Nishimatsu 99<br />
Noble’s explosive factory, Carmarthenshire 37<br />
Nolan-ITU 113<br />
North Eastern Railway, Brazil 37<br />
122
Index<br />
Northern Freight Railway, Thailand 60<br />
Northhampton and Peterborough Railway 82<br />
North London Line, London 103<br />
North Middle Ring Road Bridge, Tai Yuan, China 4<br />
North-South Highway, Malaysia 61<br />
Novelty 7,7<br />
NRTS, UK 114<br />
Nyasaland Railways, Africa 37<br />
Observatorio Del Roque de Los Muchachos,<br />
La Palma, Canary Islands 52, 52<br />
Oresund Crossing, Denmark/Sweden 99<br />
Otto Beit Bridge, Africa 40<br />
Paddington Station, London 11, 16<br />
Pamela Youde Hospital, Hong Kong 101, 101<br />
Paris and Marseilles Railway 16<br />
Parkes Radio Telescope, Australia 51, 51<br />
Park Plaza Development, Sydney 98<br />
Paul, P. Nicholas 104<br />
biography 104<br />
Pauling & Co 34, 37<br />
Paxton, Joseph 11-12, 14-15<br />
Peter Clarke & Associates 113<br />
Peter Hayes-Watkins & Partners 96<br />
P H McCarthy & Partners<br />
See McCarthy & Partners<br />
Princeton screw warship 11<br />
Project Aquatrine, England 111, 111<br />
Provincial Water Supply Study, Egypt 77<br />
PSC Engineers and Consultants Inc 102<br />
Psytallia Sewage Treatment Works, Athens, Greece 108<br />
PW <strong>Consulting</strong> 101<br />
Queen Elizabeth ll Conference Centre, London 100<br />
Rainhill Steam Locomotion Trials 7,7<br />
Rama Vl Bridge, Thailand 46<br />
Redpath Dorman Long Ltd<br />
See Dorman Long Ltd<br />
Regional Water Production and Distribution<br />
Programme, Egypt 77<br />
Rendell Palmer & Tritton 90<br />
Rheidol power station, Wales 50,50<br />
Rhodes, Cecil 26-27, 40<br />
Rhodesia Railways, Africa 27, 27<br />
Richborough Port 85-86<br />
Rimrose Brook Main Drainage Scheme,<br />
Merseyside 72-73<br />
Ringsend Treatment Works, Ireland 75<br />
River Danube Bridge, Budapest 16<br />
River Lee Crossing, Eire 99<br />
Roberts & Partners International 113<br />
Roberts, Gilbert, Sir 47-48, 50, 49<br />
biography 49<br />
Roberts, Gwilym 63, 73, 74, 75, 100, 74<br />
biography 74<br />
Robert White and Partners 85, 89<br />
Rocket 7-8<br />
Roll-on roll-off ferry 93<br />
Roman Catholic Cathedral, Hong Kong 52<br />
Roughton & Fenton 96<br />
Royal Border Bridge, Northumberland 82<br />
Royal Commission on the Main Drainage<br />
of the Metropolis, London 69<br />
Royal Naval Propellant Factory, Monmouthshire 46<br />
RPA Quantity Surveyors 113<br />
Rural Water Supplies Project, Malaysia 77, 97, 77<br />
Rustamiyah Treatment Works, Iraq 74<br />
St Paul’s Cathedral 38, 52, 39<br />
St Petersburg water supply, Russia 70-71<br />
Salalah, well drilling, Oman 79<br />
Salisbury Cathedral, England 52<br />
Sandringham Estates, England 52<br />
Sao Paulo railway, Brazil 37<br />
Sarawak, jetties 93<br />
Scott Wilson 61<br />
Second Malaysia-Singapore Crossing 103, 103<br />
Second Peripheral Motorway, Istanbul 59<br />
Seven Spirit Bay Report, Northern Territory 98<br />
Severn Road Bridge, England/Wales 46, 48-49, 58, 49<br />
Severn Trent Water 96-97<br />
Shams Sky Tower, Abu Dhabi, UAE 113, 113<br />
Shanganagh Long Sea Outrall, Ireland 80<br />
Shanghai Waterworks Company, China 70, 70<br />
Sheldonian Theatre, Oxford 52<br />
Shenzen Special Economic Zone, China 104<br />
Shire Highlands Railway, Africa 37<br />
Shuwaikh Water Distribution Project, Kuwait 74<br />
Simon Bolivar Suspension Bridge, Panama Canal 57<br />
Simplon Tunnel, the Alps 24, 36, 24<br />
Simpson, James 66-68, 66<br />
biography 66<br />
Simpson, Thomas 66-67<br />
Sinclair Knight & Partners 73<br />
Singapore Container Port 91, 81, 91-92,<br />
Sir Bruce White, Wolfe Barry and Partners 82-94<br />
Sir Charles Fox & Son 15-16, 18-20<br />
Sir Charles Fox & <strong>Sons</strong> 20<br />
Sir Douglas & Francis Fox 22, 25, 27<br />
Sir Douglas Fox & Partners 28, 32-44, 49, 60<br />
Sir <strong>John</strong> Wolfe Barry and Partners 85-89, 101<br />
Sir William Halcrow and Partners 48, 55<br />
Six New Towns, Malaysia 55<br />
Ski Dubai, UAE 114<br />
Skylon, London 47<br />
Snow, Dr <strong>John</strong> 67<br />
Snowdon Mountain Railway. Wales 24, 36, 17<br />
South Bank Exhibition, London<br />
See Festival of Britain<br />
Southend Pier, Essex 68<br />
Southern and Western Railway, Queensland 19<br />
Southern Indian Railway 82<br />
Special Award of the East Yorkshire Borough,<br />
Beverley 58<br />
Special Award of the Institution of Structural<br />
Engineers 58<br />
Star System Light Railway, Malaysia 104<br />
Stephenson, George 7-8<br />
Stephenson, Robert 7, 9, 15, 20, 82<br />
Strategic Sewage Disposal Scheme, Hong Kong 97<br />
Stratford, London<br />
Depot 103, 103<br />
Station 103, 103<br />
Structural Steel Design Awards 54, 58<br />
Stwlan Dam, Wales 50,50<br />
Sutlej River Bridge, Pakistan 49<br />
Suez Canal, Egypt 85<br />
Sydney, Australia<br />
Skywalk 111<br />
Tower, Centrepoint 98, 98<br />
Sydney Harbour, Australia<br />
Bridge 41-44, 46-47, 29, 41-44<br />
Bridge Climb 110<br />
Tunnel 98, 98<br />
Taipei Mass Rapid Transit System, Taiwan 59, 59-60<br />
Taiwan High Speed Rail Link 111, 111<br />
Tarmac 99<br />
<strong>Taylor</strong> Binnie & Partners 76-78<br />
<strong>Taylor</strong>, (Edward) Brough 68-72, 69<br />
biography 69<br />
<strong>Taylor</strong>, Godfrey Midgley Chassereau 71-73, 72<br />
biography 72<br />
<strong>Taylor</strong>, (Gotfred) Midgley 68,70-71,70<br />
biography 70<br />
<strong>Taylor</strong>, <strong>John</strong> 63, 66-70, 68, 73<br />
biography 68<br />
<strong>Taylor</strong>, Oliver Midgley 73<br />
TecnEcon 102<br />
Tees River, port works, England 37<br />
Tehran Transport Planning Advisory Services, Iran 55<br />
Terengganu sewerage systems, Malaysia 77<br />
Thames and Medway Railway, England 11, 15<br />
Thames Estuary, flood barrier, England 90<br />
Three Valleys Water Company 69<br />
Tianjin Chi Feng Bridge, China 114<br />
Tilbury container port, England 91<br />
Tin Hau Development, Hong Kong 101<br />
Station, MTR, Hong Kong 56<br />
Tinsley Viaduct, England 54<br />
Toronto & Nipissing Railway Company, Canada 19-20<br />
Tower Bridge, London 83-84,101, 83<br />
Tractobel 97<br />
Traffic Circulation Study for Hamilton, Bermuda 55<br />
Trans-Zambezia Railways, Africa 37<br />
Trawsfyndd Dam, Wales 49, 50, 51<br />
Tsing Ma Bridge, Hong Kong 106<br />
Tsing Yi Power Station, Hong Kong 104<br />
Tsuen Wan Extension, MTR, Hong Kong, 56<br />
Tuen Mun LRT, Hong Kong 97, 97<br />
Tube, The<br />
see London Underground Railway<br />
U2 Tower, Dublin 114<br />
UK Highways 102<br />
Unisilev House, London 52<br />
United Arab Emirates highways 61, 102, 104<br />
Vaughan Hosking Freeman Fox 62<br />
Vietnam Six Towns water and sanitation project 114<br />
Vietnam, technology transfer 105<br />
Victoria Falls Bridge 34-35 ,43, 34-35<br />
Victoria Station, London 19, 63<br />
Wade, Tim 110, 112, 110<br />
biography 110<br />
essay 118<br />
Walker, William 38<br />
Wallace Evans and Partners 105<br />
Wargon Chapman Partners 97-98<br />
Waterloo Station, London 11<br />
Watford Tunnel, England 9<br />
Wave, The, Gold Coast, Queensland 112<br />
Wearmouth Docks, Sunderland 66<br />
Weathered Howe 113<br />
Welsh Water 105, 112<br />
West Gate Bridge, Melbourne 57<br />
Western Harbour Crossing, Hong Kong 99, 99<br />
Western Power Distribution (WPD) 112<br />
Westminster Term Consultancy, London 103<br />
West Rail, Hong Kong 111, 111<br />
Wharncliffe Viaduct, Hanwell 66<br />
White, Sir Bruce Gordon 2-3, 85-89<br />
White, Sir Robert 85<br />
biography 85<br />
Wilbur Smith & Associates 55<br />
Wilkinson Eyre 103<br />
William Herschel Telescope, Canary Islands 52<br />
Winchester Cathedral, Winchester 38, 38, 52<br />
Wolfe Barry, Robert White and Partners 89<br />
Wolstenholme, Derek 63<br />
biography 63<br />
Wye Road Bridge, England/Wales 46<br />
Wynhol Viaduct, England 53-54<br />
123