Cancer Registration: Principles and Methods - IARC

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164 D.M. Parkin and T. Hakulinen contact and 14 had died before December 1982. However, one of these patients (No. 2) had lived five complete years before his death. Therefore, 17 of the 30 patients were alive five years after their respective dates of first treatment and, thus, the five-year survival rate is 57%. Calculation by the actuarial method The direct method for calculating a survival rate does not use all the information available. For example, the data indicate that patient No. 31 died in the fourth year after treatment was started and that patient No. 32 lived for more than four years. Such information should be useful, but it could not be used under the rules of the direct method because the patients were diagnosed after December 1981. The actuarial, or life-table, method provides a means for using all the follow-up information accumulated up to the closing date of .the study. The actuarial method has the further advantage of providing information on the survival pattern, that is, the manner in which the patient group was depleted during the total period of observation (Cutler & Ederer, 1958; Ederer et al., 1961). The methods described here are designed for the individual investigator who wants to analyse carefully the survival experience of a small series of patients-in this example, 50 patients. However, the same basic methodology is used in analysing large series with a computer (e.g., Hakulinen & Abeywickrama, 1985). Observed survival rate The life-table method for calculating a survival rate, using all the follow-up information available on .the 50 patients under study, is illustrated in Table 2. There are six steps in preparing such a table. (I) The vital status of the patients (alive or dead) and withdrawals in each year since diagnosis (from Table 1) are used for the entries in columns 3 and 4. The sum of the entries in columns 3 and 4 must equal the total number of patients. It should be noted that the 17 patients alive at the beginning of .the last period since diagnosis in column 2 (five years and over) were also entered in column 4 (number last seen alive during year). (2) The number of patients alive at the beginning of each year is entered in column 2 and is obtained by successive subtraction. Thus, of 50 patients diagnosed, nine died during the first year and 4 1 were alive one year after diagnosis. In the second interval, six died and one was withdrawn alive, leaving 34 patients under observation at the start of the third interval (two years after diagnosis). (3) The effective number exposed to risk of dying (column 5) is based on the assumption that patients last seen alive during any year of follow-up were, on the average, observed for one-half of that year. Thus, for the third year the effective number is 34 - (112 x 4) = 32.0, and for the fourth year it is 28 - (1 12 x 5) = 25.5. (4) The proportion dying during any year (column 6) is found by dividing the entry in column 3 by the entry in column 5. Thus, for the first year, the proportion dying is 9150.0 = 0.180 and for the second year it is 6140.5 = 0.148.
Table 2. Calculation of observed survival rate, and its standard error, by the actuarial (life-table) method (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) Year No. alive No. dying No. last Effective Proportion Proportion Proportion Entry (5) Entry (6) after at during seen no. dying surviving surviving minus divided diagnosis beginning year alive exposed during year from first entry (3) by of year during to risk of year treatment to entry (9) year dying end of year Total 20 30 0.0177 a Where ri = 1, - W' 2 qi = dilli pi = 1 - qi
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WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION INTERNATI
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Contents Foreword .................
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Foreword The maintenance of a regis
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2 Introduction and an increased exp
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4 G. Wagner the first time to elimi
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6 G. Wagner International Symposium
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8 0. M. Jensen and H.H. Storm made
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k d Table 2. Worldwide variation in
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O.M. Jensen and H.H. Storm Hodgkin
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O.M. Jensen and H.H. Storm ~i~ure 2
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16 O.M. Jensen and H.H. Storm 1oo.0
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0. M. Jensen and H. H. Storm Figure
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O.M. Jensen and H.H. Storm -44 year
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Chapter 4. Planning a cancer regist
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24 0. M. Jensen and S. Whelan parti
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26 0. M. Jensen and S. Whelan Numbe
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28 0. M. Jensen and S. Whelan Concl
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30 J. Powell sources, firstly, to p
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32 J. Powell reports. If a histolog
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34 J. Powell needs but conserving t
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36 J. Powell Health insurance (work
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38 J. Powell episodes-that is, with
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The disadvantages are : - the quali
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42 J. Powell (c) medical doctors in
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44 R. MacLennan Table 1. Basic info
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codes (population groups, occupatio
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48 R. MacLennan morphology (item 21
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50 R. MacLennan or convention to th
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facilities and to the acceptance of
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54 R . MacLennan second generation
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56 R. MacLennan Item 18 : Certainty
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2. Carcinoma in situ Intraepithelia
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code allocated as item 20 should re
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Hospital registries will wish to el
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Chapter 7. Classification and codin
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66 C.S. Muir and C. Percy Primarily
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68 C.S. Muir and C. Percy obtained
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70 C.S. Muir and C. Percy Topograph
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Table 2. Coding of selected cancers
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CIassification and coding of neopla
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CIassiJication and coding of neopla
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ClassiJication and coding of neopla
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Class$cation and coding of neoplasm
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Manual and computerized cancer regi
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New notification I Manual and compu
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Disk storage Manual and computerize
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Chapter 9. Quality and quality cont
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Quality and quality control 103 It
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Consistency checks Quality and qual
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Standards Quality and quality contr
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0. M. Jensen and H. H. Storm 109 th
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Reporting of results 111 Evaluation
Page 119 and 120: Reporting of results 113 should giv
Page 121 and 122: 171 Connective tiaaue 1 3 5 11 10 1
Page 123 and 124: - 0 - 0 - m o m m L O N I O I O O o
Page 125 and 126: Reporting of results Number of case
Page 127 and 128: Reporting of results Figure 5. Age-
Page 129 and 130: Reporting of results Dlgestlve orga
Page 131 and 132: Reporting of results Year of diagno
Page 133 and 134: Statistical methods for registries
Page 165 and 166: Chapter 12. Analysis of survival D.
Page 167 and 168: Passive follow-up Analysis of survi
Page 169: Analysis of survival Table 1 - cont
Page 173 and 174: Table 3. Calculation of the correct
Page 175 and 176: Analysis of survival 169 Table 4. C
Page 177 and 178: Analysis of survival 171 In the cal
Page 179 and 180: Analysis of survival 1 73 Table 6.
Page 181 and 182: Analysis of survival Deaths : cases
Page 183 and 184: Chapter 13. The hospital-based canc
Page 185 and 186: The hospital-based cancer registry
Page 191 and 192: Chapter 14. Cancer registration in
Page 193 and 194: Cancer registration in developing c
Page 205 and 206: Chapter 15. Cancer registration: le
Page 207 and 208: Cancer registration: legal aspects
Page 209 and 210: Computer Cancer registration : lega
Page 211 and 212: Cancer registration: legal aspects
Page 213 and 214: Cancer registration : legal aspects
Page 215 and 216: Appendix I Botswana Brazil British
Page 217 and 218: Appendix 1 Sri Lanka Sudan Suriname
Page 219 and 220: Appendix 2 213 Some of these edits
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Appendix 2 Table 1 - continued (Not
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Table 2. Example of a SEER site/his
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- Appendix 2 219 Follow-up status (
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Appendix 3(a) 221 (c) statistics on
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Appendix 3(a) 223 presence of tumou
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Appendix 3(a) the hospital record.
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Appendix 3(a) 227 REVERSE SIDE OF N
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Appendix 3(a) REVERSE SIDE OF NOTIF
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Data from CPR, i.e. vital Warning o
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Appendix 3(a) 233 place of residenc
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Appendix 3(a) 235 maintained for ta
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Appendix 3 (b) The Thames Cancer Re
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SURGERY Appendix 3(b) TREATMENT OF
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Appendix 3(b) 241 supervised by the
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Appendix 3(b) 243 first for direct
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Appendix 3(b) 245 maintaining an ef
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Appendix 3(c) 247 information on ca
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Appendix 3(c) 249 Pathology reports
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Appendix 3(c) HOSPITAL DISCHARGES L
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Appendix 3(c) Table 1. Groupings of
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Appendix 3(c) 255 several sources a
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Appendix 3(c) 257 resulted in a can
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Appendix 3(d) medical records (in-p
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Appendix 3(d) MOST VALID BASIS OF D
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Appendix 3(d) 263 -malignancies usu
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Appendix 3(d) abstract. For recorde
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Appendix 4. CANREG: Cancer registra
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Appendix 4 Table 1. CANREG internal
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Appendix 4 271 0 Page 1 Patient Nam
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Appendix 4 273 -an operating system
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References Acheson, E. D. (1967) Me
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References 277 oncology services. T
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References International Agency for
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References 281 Official Statistics
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References 283 Sieveking, G. H. (19
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Subject Index Access to data, 202,
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Subject Index International Classif
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