Toll Collect: The German Cashless Project
Toll Collect: The German Cashless Project
Toll Collect: The German Cashless Project
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<strong>Toll</strong> <strong>Collect</strong>:<br />
<strong>The</strong> <strong>German</strong> <strong>Cashless</strong> <strong>Project</strong><br />
Alain Estiot<br />
Managing Director, Quality<br />
<strong>Toll</strong> <strong>Collect</strong> GmbH, Berlin, GERMANY<br />
A. Estiot, <strong>Toll</strong> <strong>Collect</strong><br />
1<br />
ORT or Free Flow Systems<br />
• When can we speak of Free Flow Systems?<br />
– When nobody stops anywhere on infrastructure to pay<br />
– No toll plaza, no time lost on the road and no induced pollution<br />
• How are occasional users dealt with?<br />
– <strong>The</strong>y are encouraged to join the automatic system<br />
– <strong>The</strong>y can do a manual booking but outside the tolled network<br />
• What are the prerequisites?<br />
– A strong back office<br />
– An efficient customer service<br />
– A deterrent enforcement system<br />
A. Estiot, <strong>Toll</strong> <strong>Collect</strong><br />
2<br />
1
<strong>The</strong> Tools used for “Free Flow”<br />
Tool one for <strong>Toll</strong>ing: CASHLESS PAYMENT<br />
ON THE ROAD<br />
OFF SITE<br />
Tool two for<br />
Enforcement<br />
Austria,<br />
Asfinag<br />
Austria,<br />
Asfinag<br />
2004<br />
A. Estiot, <strong>Toll</strong> <strong>Collect</strong><br />
Electronic <strong>Toll</strong> Multi Lane<br />
Satellite <strong>Toll</strong>ing<br />
London City <strong>Toll</strong>,<br />
Video <strong>Toll</strong>ing<br />
2003<br />
<strong>German</strong>y,<br />
<strong>Toll</strong> <strong>Collect</strong><br />
2005<br />
Go Box Distribution<br />
OBU Distribution<br />
<strong>German</strong>y, <strong>Toll</strong> <strong>Collect</strong><br />
<strong>German</strong>y,<br />
<strong>Toll</strong> <strong>Collect</strong><br />
Switzerland<br />
Manual and Internet booking<br />
Gantries and Cameras<br />
Mobile Enforcement<br />
Portable Enforcement<br />
3<br />
<strong>The</strong> <strong>German</strong> Case<br />
Goals<br />
• to collect the charges on 12,500<br />
km of motorways with 5,200<br />
sections<br />
• to offer a “Free Flow System” (no<br />
toll gates)<br />
• to take emission classes and the<br />
number of axles into account<br />
• to provide automatic and manual<br />
booking (non discrimination)<br />
• to be highly flexible:<br />
- to be expandable to main roads<br />
- to include new category rates<br />
A satellite based system was chosen<br />
to fulfil these challenges<br />
A. Estiot, <strong>Toll</strong> <strong>Collect</strong><br />
4<br />
2
<strong>The</strong> <strong>German</strong> GNSS <strong>Toll</strong> System<br />
combines GPS and GSM<br />
A. Estiot, <strong>Toll</strong> <strong>Collect</strong><br />
5<br />
<strong>Toll</strong> <strong>Collect</strong>: an open Free Flow System<br />
GPS<br />
Virtual <strong>Toll</strong> Plaza<br />
Beacon<br />
0,00 0,60 0,90 1,90<br />
A B C D<br />
A. Estiot, <strong>Toll</strong> <strong>Collect</strong><br />
0,60€ 0,30€ 1,00€<br />
6<br />
3
Why is <strong>Toll</strong> <strong>Collect</strong> a cashless System?<br />
<strong>The</strong> automatic system is the most convenient way to pay and it<br />
is widely accepted by the users.<br />
<strong>The</strong>re is a manual system, but it is outside the toll network.<br />
Nobody stops on the road.<br />
Automatic System<br />
Manual System<br />
Off Site<br />
DIN OBU<br />
Dash board OBU<br />
Internet<br />
POS<br />
<strong>Toll</strong> revenue:<br />
A. Estiot, <strong>Toll</strong> <strong>Collect</strong><br />
90 %<br />
10 %<br />
7<br />
Enforcement in <strong>German</strong>y<br />
• Automatic / stationary enforcement: 300 automatic enforcement gantries<br />
– Automatic log-on: check via IR communication between OBU and gantry<br />
– Photos of truck, and license plate, OCR done in the gantry<br />
– Truck profile, number of axles<br />
– Communication with TC computing centre to check manual reservation<br />
– At stationary enforcement gantries (150) suspected toll violators can be<br />
stopped by the BAG<br />
• Mobile enforcement: 278 BAG enforcement vehicles (T5)<br />
– Automatic log-on: check via IR communication between OBU and BAG vehicle<br />
– Manual log-on: look at vehicle licence plate and check against manual reservation<br />
– Suspected toll violators are stopped by BAG officers<br />
• Portable enforcement<br />
– Mobile Enforcement combined with camera for federal roads<br />
A. Estiot, <strong>Toll</strong> <strong>Collect</strong><br />
8<br />
4
Adaptation to the Evolution of the Network<br />
• A network “lives”, new sections are added or removed<br />
regularly (it can be motorways or main roads sections).<br />
• In <strong>German</strong>y, network changes requires only a cartography<br />
upload to the OBUs “over the air” (through GSM), without any<br />
ground infrastructure, for both motorways and highways<br />
tolled motorways<br />
[km]<br />
12.500<br />
12.400<br />
12.300<br />
12.200<br />
12.100<br />
12.000<br />
<strong>Toll</strong> Network is steadily increasing<br />
Road Charges are collected on specific <strong>German</strong> federal roads since 2007<br />
tolled federal<br />
roads [km]<br />
50<br />
45<br />
40<br />
35<br />
30<br />
25<br />
20<br />
15<br />
10<br />
5<br />
0<br />
Jan<br />
Feb<br />
Mar<br />
Apr<br />
May<br />
Jun<br />
Jul<br />
Aug<br />
Sep<br />
Oct<br />
Nov<br />
Dec<br />
Jan<br />
Feb<br />
Mar<br />
Apr<br />
May<br />
Jun<br />
Jul<br />
Aug<br />
Sep<br />
Oct<br />
Nov<br />
Dec<br />
Jan<br />
Feb<br />
Mar<br />
Apr<br />
May<br />
Jun<br />
Jul<br />
Aug<br />
2005 2006 2007<br />
<strong>Toll</strong> network steadily increasing<br />
A. Estiot, <strong>Toll</strong> <strong>Collect</strong><br />
9<br />
Where are we today?<br />
• 12,500 KM motorways<br />
(average section length 4.7 KM),<br />
• 50 KM main roads<br />
(average section length 0.8 KM),<br />
• 3.1 billion Euros collected<br />
per year,<br />
• more than 600,000 trucks<br />
from 50 countries have an OBU,<br />
• and the violation rate is<br />
under 2 percent.<br />
A. Estiot, <strong>Toll</strong> <strong>Collect</strong><br />
10<br />
5
Main concerns of a <strong>German</strong> ORT Customer<br />
Is the invoice ok:<br />
“<strong>The</strong> data can be<br />
manipulated”<br />
?<br />
Big brother syndrome:<br />
“You know all the time<br />
where I am”<br />
Privacy:<br />
“You can sell my<br />
personal<br />
records to<br />
others”<br />
? ?<br />
A. Estiot, <strong>Toll</strong> <strong>Collect</strong><br />
11<br />
Answer to the Data Security Challenge<br />
• We have:<br />
– more than 18 million transactions per day,<br />
– regular software and network updates „over the air“<br />
• That means billions of information „in the sky“ per year<br />
• Only authorized persons have access to the data<br />
• To avoid a possible risk of manipulation from third<br />
parties,<br />
data is encrypted all the time<br />
A. Estiot, <strong>Toll</strong> <strong>Collect</strong><br />
12<br />
6
A. Estiot, <strong>Toll</strong> <strong>Collect</strong><br />
Basics of Communication Security<br />
• A cryptographic concept uses a “codification”<br />
and a key<br />
– 2001: Space Odyssey, Stanley Kubrick:<br />
computer name was “HAL”<br />
(every clever person recognized that<br />
this computer is better than “IBM”)<br />
– You cannot “decrypt” without a key<br />
– Cryptographic operations are generally processed inside secure<br />
cryptographic modules<br />
• Every central and non-central component is equipped with<br />
its own key(s):<br />
– <strong>The</strong> same equipment (OBU for instance) has different keys to talk with<br />
different systems<br />
• Central systems use their own specific „master-keys“:<br />
– With a master-key, a central system can talk to different decentralized<br />
equipment<br />
Master Key<br />
Individual Keys<br />
• Non-central components store and use their keys in smartcards.<br />
13<br />
<strong>The</strong> main areas of the TC Crypto-Concept<br />
Transactions<br />
Software and Network<br />
Updates<br />
600,000<br />
OBUs<br />
Enforcement<br />
Registration<br />
300 gantries<br />
A. Estiot, <strong>Toll</strong> <strong>Collect</strong><br />
1500 Service-<br />
Partners in 14<br />
countries<br />
14<br />
7
Answer to the Big Brother Fear: Data Protection<br />
• Transaction data<br />
– Only data related to toll roads<br />
are recorded,<br />
– No travel info on other roads<br />
are recorded<br />
– Specific Data Protection Concept for handling personal toll data<br />
• Personalized travel data is deleted after 120 days<br />
• All other data is anonymized after 120 days<br />
• Regular audits to ensure that all systems follow the rules<br />
– Regular audits by the <strong>German</strong> Federal Commissioner for Data<br />
Protection and Freedom of Information<br />
(Bundesbeauftragter für den Datenschutz)<br />
• TC info cannot be given to police or interior/justice ministry<br />
A. Estiot, <strong>Toll</strong> <strong>Collect</strong><br />
15<br />
Our Answer to the Privacy Challenge<br />
As agreed with the users, their detailed data can not be<br />
transmitted or sold to third parties.<br />
A. Estiot, <strong>Toll</strong> <strong>Collect</strong><br />
16<br />
8
What should come next<br />
Cost reduction, through<br />
• day to day process optimization<br />
• OBU standardization<br />
Value Added Services (VAS)<br />
• many trucks have now an OBU with GPS/GSM<br />
• one can localize and communicate with them<br />
• business cases can be made for VAS<br />
• anybody could develop VAS<br />
Interoperability<br />
• one OBU, one contract<br />
A. Estiot, <strong>Toll</strong> <strong>Collect</strong><br />
17<br />
9
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