Asia's Arc of Advantage - icrier

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a community.” 37 Prime Minister Koizumi went on to add, “The community I am proposing should be by no means be an exclusive entity. Indeed, practical cooperation in the region would be founded on close partnership with those outside the region. In particular, the role to be played by the United States is indispensable because of its contribution to regional security and the scale of its economic interdependence with the region.… [C]ooperation with Southwest Asia, including India, is also of importance…...” 38 For Japan, developing non-exclusive co-operative frameworks would bring-in, in the long run, not only countries such as the United States, which is a Japanese ally, but also countries such as Australia, New Zealand and India, with which Japan has a congruence of values in terms of democracy and human rights. Therefore, it is not surprising that in the run-up to the EAS, Japan clearly articulated the need for regional co-operation based on open regionalism, functional partnerships and with respect for such universal values as democracy and human rights. 39 Similarly, the Philippines, Indonesia and Singapore were in favour of open regionalism with Australia, New Zealand and India as members of the proposed East Asia Summit. Such a stance was to the discomfiture of China, which reportedly dispatched diplomats to Southeast Asian capitals to lobby against the candidature of India and Australia. 40 It was at the 10 th ASEAN Summit in Vientiane in November 2004 that it was decided that an East Asia Summit (EAS) would be held in Malaysia in 2005. 41 The multiple conceptions of what constitutes an East Asian Community and their consequent impact on the debate pertaining to membership of the East Asia Summit were addressed at the ASEAN Foreign Ministers Meet in Cebu in April 2005. The meet generated clear criteria for membership: (a) members should be a full ASEAN dialogue partner; (b) members must have substantial relations with ASEAN and (c) members must have acceded to the Treaty of Amity and Cooperation (TAC). 42 While what constituted a substantive relationship with ASEAN was subjective, the other two criteria clearly defined the roadmap for countries seeking EAS membership. By virtue of being a full-dialogue partner since December 1995 and having signed the TAC in October 2003, India’s credentials for entry into EAS were confirmed. On the other hand, Australia was ASEAN’s first Dialogue Partner in 1974 43 and yet it signed the TAC just a few days prior to the first EAS on December 10, 2005. New Zealand became ASEAN’s fulldialogue partner in 1975 and acceded to the TAC on July 28, 2005. The emergence of the EAS with ASEAN+3, India, New Zealand and Australia did not close 37 Junichiro Koizumi, “Japan and ASEAN in East Asia - A Sincere and Open Partnership,” Speech by Prime Minister of Japan Junichiro Koizumi, Singapore, Prime Minister of Japan and His Cabinet, January 14, 2002, available at http://www.kantei.go.jp/foreign/koizumispeech/2002/01/14speech_e.html. 38 Ibid. 39 “General Information on East Asia Summit (EAS),” Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, December 2005, available at http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/asia-paci/eas/outline.html. 40 Mohan Malik, “The East Asia Summit,” Australian Journal of International Affairs, June 2006, Vol. 60, No. 2, p.208 41 “Chairman’s Statement of the 10th ASEAN Summit Vientiane,” ASEAN, November 29, 2004, available at http:// www.asean.org/news/item/chairman-s-statement-of-the-10th-asean-summit-vientiane-29-november-2004. 42 “The ASEAN + 3 and East Asia Summit: A Two-Tiered Approach to Community Building”, East Asia Insights Toward Community Building, Japan Center for International Exchange, January 2006, available at http://www. jcie.org/researchpdfs/EAI/1-1.pdf. 43 “Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN),” Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Australian Government, available at http://www.dfat.gov.au/asean/. 76 | Asia’s Arc of Advantage
Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh meeting with Prime Minister of Japan, Mr. Junichiro Koizomi at Kuala Lumpur on December 13, 2005. Source: Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India* the discussion pertaining to membership. China insisted that the EAS should be made up of two blocks viz., the core (ASEAN + 3) and the periphery (India, Australia and New Zealand), which generated intense debate during the summit. 44 Abdullah Ahmad Badawi, Prime Minister of Malaysia and Chairman of the first EAS, sought to address this issue by stating that efforts would be made to realise “the East Asian community through the ASEAN + 3 process. In this context we believed that the EAS together with the ASEAN + 3 and the ASEAN+1 processes could play a significant role in community building in the region.” While the first part of the sentence sought to celebrate ASEAN + 3 as the main vehicle for East Asian Community building, the second part of the sentence indicated parity between ASEAN + 1 and ASEAN +3 processes in the community building efforts. 45 Most importantly, turning down the Chinese offer to host the second EAS, Badawi referred to “ASEAN as the driving force working in partnership with the other participants of the East Asia Summit,” and declared that the Second East Asia Summit would be held in Cebu, Philippines, on December 13, 2006. 46 This ensured that ASEAN centrality was preserved and foreclosed the possibility of non-ASEAN members’ unilaterally driving the agenda of the EAS. The East Asia Summit – Agenda The First Summit defined the mission of the EAS as a forum “for dialogue on broad strategic, political and economic issues of common interest and concern” that would focus on promoting development, financial stability, energy security, economic integration and growth, eradicating poverty and narrowing the development gap in East Asia. 47 The Kuala Lumpur Summit also resulted in a Declaration on Avian Influenza Prevention, Control and Response, which outlined specific steps that members should take to address the pandemic. 44 Mohan Malik, “The East Asia Summit,” Australian Journal of International Affairs, June 2006, Vol. 60, No. 2, p.208 45 “Chairman’s Statement of the First East Asia Summit Kuala Lumpur,” ASEAN, December 14, 2005, http:// www.asean.org/news/item/chairman-s-statement-of-the-first-east-asia-summit-kuala-lumpur-14- december-2005-2 46 Ibid. 47 “Kuala Lumpur Declaration on the East Asia Summit Kuala Lumpur,” ASEAN, December 14, 2005, available at http://www.asean.org/news/item/kuala-lumpur-declaration-on-the-east-asia-summit-kuala-lumpur-14- december-2005 * available at http://www.mea.gov.in/photo-gallery.htm?Album_157/Visit+of+Prime+Minister+Dr+Manmoh an+Singh+to+Kuala+Lumpur#prettyPhoto[gallery2]/9/ The Evolution of the East Asia Summit: Competing Interests and Multiple Approaches | 77
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A REPORT OF THE ICRIER WADHWANI CHA
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ICRIER Wadhwani Programme of Resear
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VI.i “Connecting East : The Myanm
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The ICRIER Wadhwani Chair is please
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vi | Asia’s Arc of Advantage
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space, even though some would argue
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Recommendations The “Emerging Asi
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• Based on their regional experie
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List of Maps Map 1: The Indo-Pacifi
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ASEM Asia-Europe Meeting ASSM ASEAN
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TPP TTR UNCLOS UNCTAD US USPACOM US
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Indian side and 10 on the ASEAN sid
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I.ii Advancing India-US-ASEAN Co-op
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Maritime Security and HADR Given th
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I.iii India’s ‘Look East’ and
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Concrete Next Steps Under instructi
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easons. The lack of historical bagg
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17. Prof. G.V.C. Naidu, Professor a
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II INDIA’S ROLE IN SHAPING ASIAN
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“strategic bet” 3 on the develo
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tendency to cite ‘strategic auton
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However, these declarations of inte
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Chart 1: Average Increase in Percen
Page 48 and 49: Table 1: GDP Projections of Seven L
Page 50 and 51: V. Security Issues Since 2010, Chin
Page 52 and 53: power. It also holds that within As
Page 54 and 55: Secretary Kerry’s visit to China
Page 56 and 57: institution for political and strat
Page 58 and 59: Reconnecting to Southeast Asia The
Page 60 and 61: global Cold War issues. When the AS
Page 62 and 63: co-operation. Although the pace of
Page 64 and 65: While the theoretical debate on the
Page 66 and 67: Naval ships from India, Australia,
Page 68 and 69: of communication for unfettered mov
Page 70 and 71: South China Sea are the subject of
Page 72 and 73: Chinese Aircraft Carrier Liaoning S
Page 74 and 75: China Sea issue, only to be publicl
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Page 78 and 79: Prime Ministers Manmohan Singh and
Page 80 and 81: Whatever the domestic motivations o
Page 82 and 83: IV. i EAST ASIA SUMMIT MEMBER STATE
Page 84 and 85: Crucially, the numbers incorporated
Page 86 and 87: Chart 6: East Asian Summit Member S
Page 88 and 89: 3500 Chart 10: Air Force Aircraft (
Page 90 and 91: Map 6: APEC Member Economies Table
Page 92 and 93: partner, Japan and Korea responded
Page 94 and 95: Korea were invited to be part of th
Page 96 and 97: decisions that would have regional
Page 100 and 101: The Second East Asia Summit in Cebu
Page 102 and 103: political construct. 58 Such robust
Page 104 and 105: decade will be to lock in a substan
Page 106 and 107: them to the status of objects, rath
Page 108 and 109: VI INDIA-ASEAN CONNECTIVITY: A STRA
Page 110 and 111: China is by far the largest investo
Page 112 and 113: Map 9: Kaladan Multi-Modal Project
Page 114 and 115: meeting in September 2012 decided t
Page 116 and 117: and ASEAN by combining physical con
Page 118 and 119: mill. 38 It should be noted that in
Page 120 and 121: South Korean companies are now seek
Page 122 and 123: US officials have forcefully advoca
Page 124 and 125: • Support for democratic institut
Page 126 and 127: Executive Summary and Key Recommend
Page 128 and 129: with the downsides of greater conne
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Page 132 and 133: B. Executive Summary of “ASEAN-In
Page 134 and 135: under construction and the projects
Page 136 and 137: Figure 4: Selected Infrastructure P
Page 138 and 139: 3-3. A Regional Framework A regiona
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Page 142 and 143: Figure 7: Economic Corridors, 47 De
Page 144 and 145: WELCOMING India’s consistent supp
Page 146 and 147: efforts to strengthen cooperation i
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D. Recommendations by ASEAN-US Emin
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and delivered by September 30, 2013
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Socio-Cultural The Leaders should r
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About the Authors and Contributors
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Ted Osius Ted Osius is currently a
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