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Workshop: London 2012 success and failure of national elite sport policies Prioritization of elite sport: the consequence of a global sporting arms race. Results of an international comparative study Authors: Prof. Dr. Veerle De Bosscher, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Sport Policy and Management (SMBA) Prof. Dr. Maarten van Bottenburg, Utrecht University, the Netherlands Prof. Simon Shibli, Sheffield Hallam University Prof. Dr. Hans Westerbeek, Victoria University Introduction The power struggle between nations to win medals in major international sport competitions has resulted in an intensified competition with increasing investments in elite sport from public sources in many countries. The global sporting arms race, described by Oakley and Green (2001) as the production of success by investing strategically in elite sport, is escalating because the return on investment has decreased over the past decade (De Bosscher et al., 2008). As a result, governing organizations in elite sport are searching for increasing efficiency of their investments, for example by prioritizing policies. The notion of “targeting the resources on only relatively small number of sports through identifying those that have a real chance of success at world level” (Oakley and Green, 2001, p. 91), as used in the early 1990s for example in Australia or in former communist countries, is now applied in many countries. Aim This study aims to identify if and how nations are adopting a prioritization policy of elite sports funding. Methods Data were collected by researchers in 16 countries who took part in a large-scale “SPLISS-II1” project. An overall sport policy inventory - developed by a consortium group of SPLISS researchers- was used as a pre-defined framework to gather data from secondary sources via document review and primary sources such as interviews with national policy makers. Topics included the number of sports, sports clubs and national governing bodies funded; the amount of funding for each sport in 2010; whether there was a prioritization policy; how long this policy had been in place and what the drivers for this policy were. Note: Data collection was only completed by 7 countries (BRA, EST, FIN, JAP, POR, ESP, SUI, NED) by the time of writing this abstract and will be finished by the time of the EASM conference. Results Interestingly, five countries do not fund non-Olympic sports as a priority sport (JAP, FRA, POR, BRA, EST). While only four countries indicated that there is a policy that sets out to prioritize particular sports for elite sport funding, closer analysis of the exact amounts of funding on a sport by sport basis shows that all (7) countries prioritize: within the Olympic sports, all countries have spent 50% of elite sports funding on 6 or fewer sports out of a total of 20 or more. For example in Japan and Finland, 21 elite sport disciplines receive 25% of the funding and 9 and 8 sports respectively receive the remaining 75% of the funding. Some countries have taken a prioritization approach for a long time, however the policy was been implemented more vigorously since 2006. The Netherlands is a striking example in this regard. Policy makers in the Netherlands decided to refine their approach to elite sport funding: funding of ten sports (8 where the Netherland was traditionally successful + 2 prestigious sports, athletics and gymnastics), will move from 25% of the overall elite sport funding (7,5 million euros) to 75% (22,5 million euros) by 2013; the other 7,5 million euros will then be distributed among the remaining 65 (smaller) sports. The top ten of most funded sports in all the countries, receive 57% of the funding, with athletics the principal beneficiary, followed by aquatics (all four Olympic disciplines). This approach is logical as these two sports account for a significant proportion of the medal winning opportunities in the Olympic Games (97 events or 32% of the entire programme of London 2012). Discussion Increasingly, countries are trying to invest ‘smarter’ in elite sport by implementing a prioritization policy of elite sport funding. National policies have taken this decision but not much is known about the possible unintended side-effects of this policy, for example in the sports that lost their funding, or for less welldeveloped sports; as well as the impacts on other sport policy goals, such as raising sport participation. Targeting strategies are performance-based, often using the number Olympic medals as a criterion for evaluation. This is a typical input-output evaluation. The question remains: (why) are medals important? Why would nations continue to take part in this global sporting arms race? The measurement of outcomes, or the long-term effects of success remain an unexplored area of research. References De Bosscher, V., Bingham, J., Shibli, S., van Bottenburg, M., & De Knop, P. (2008). A global sporting arms race: An international comparative study on sports policy factors leading to international sporting success. Aachen, Germany: Meyer & Meyer. Oakley B., & Green, M. (2001). The production of Olympic champions: International perspectives on elite sport development system. European Journal for Sport Management, 8, 83 – 105. Acknowledgements We acknowledge and thank all the researchers and their partners involved in the SPLISS project: Researchers involved in the SPLISS-II project: AUS: Hans Westerbeek & Camilla Brocket from ISEAL, Victoria University; BEL: Veerle De Bosscher & Stephanie De Croock from Vrije Universiteit Brussel (Fla); Thierry Zintz & Mathieu Winand from Université catholique de Louvain (Wal); 230 Abstract book
Workshop: London 2012 success and failure of national elite sport policies BRA: Maria Tereza Silveira Bohme from the School of Physical Education and Sports of University of São Paulo; CAN: David Legg, Geoff Schoenberg & Suzanne Hamilton from the Mount Royal University; DEN: Henrik Brandt & Rasmus K. Storm from the Danish Institute for Sports Studies & University of Southern Denmark; EST: Eerik Hanni from the National Audit Office of Estonia; FRA: Patrick Mignon & Emanuel Lelore from INSEP; FIN: Jari Lämsä, Jarmo Mäkinen & Lau Tofft from the Research institute for Olympic Sports; JAP: Yoshiyuki Mano & Hiroaki Funahashi from Waseda University and Takahiro Waku, Shirai Katsuyoshi, Shuhei Yamashita, Nakamura Hiromi, Etsuko Yamada, Kazumi Kitagawa from the Japan Institute of Sports Sciences; NED: Maarten van Bottenburg from Utrecht University School of Governance; NI: Paul Donnelly from Sport Northern Ireland & Simon Shibli from Sheffield Hallam University; POR: Pedro Guedes De Carvalho and Rui Canelas from the Faculty of Social and Human Sciences; SIN: Aidi Abdul Rahim from Singapore Sports Institute; SPA: Anna Vilanova & Eduardo Ingles from INEF De Cataluña; SWI: Hyppolit Kempf & Marco Stopper from Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen; S-KOR: Eunha Koh from the Korea Institute of Sport Science. www.easm2012.com 18-21 September 2012, Aalborg, Denmark 231
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The 20th EASM conference Sport betw
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Disclaimer: The organiser takes no
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Welcome Welcome from the President
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Scientific Committee EASM 2012 - Sc
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Scientific Committee Dr. James P Sa
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Youth Olympics Youth Olympics 12 Ab
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Youth Olympics Between institutiona
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Poster presentations Scientific sup
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Index Index: Adams Andrew 99 Alay S
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Index Kondrashin Alexander 317 Kön
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Index Phelps Sean 68 Phillips Alex
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Index Westerbeek Hans 21, 227, 230
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A strong voice in sport based on th
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Begivenhedernes centrum
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