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New Researcher Award in Manchester earmarked the moment ‘I was sitting in my car listening to the radio when I thought “wouldn’t it be good to bring the [Olympic] Games to Manchester?” So I phoned my friends in the Council and the local newspaper and so it began’ (Interview #27, 2011). Indeed, the manner in which these individuals acted fits Zahariadis’ (2007) perceived model of the MSF very closely in terms of policy entrepreneurs and its usefulness here is furthered by Houlihan’s (2005) claim that the MSF is particularly useful in explaining agenda setting when there exists potential for opportunism, often created by high levels of organisational fragmentation. Here, this fragmentation was created respectively by the collapse of the steel industry (Sheffield), the decline of manufacturing (Sheffield and Manchester) and a devolved Scottish government which was developing a new national strategy for sport and events. While the MSF seems a highly relevant analytical framework for understanding the actions of the early bid advocates, it remains expectedly limited to illuminating the agenda setting phase of the bid and not the decision-making process, for which other theoretical perspectives are required. With regards to network theory, the most convincing analytical lens would appear to be that of issue networks. However, similarly to the MSF this model is not wholly sufficient in explaining any aspect of the development of the bids. Referring back to Rhodes’ (1988) key indicators of an issue network: large number of participants, the lack of stable relationships and loose ideological bonds, not all of these were evident here. There were certainly a large number of participants in this network, but many members were selected by the entrepreneurs due to their ideological predisposition: one in favour of hosting this type of event. Due to this, and the power that the policy entrepreneurs were able to wield in selecting like-minded people to comprise this network, this theory was more convincing in Sheffield, where the loose ideological bonds between the initial bid team were highly evident. The success of the policy entrepreneurs in elevating the bid to the political agenda in Glasgow, Manchester and Sheffield was largely due to the effective wielding of power by these individuals, which resulted in the almost total absence of any overt opposition to it in these early stages. However, as Lukes (2005) indicated in his three dimensional view of power, this did not necessarily equate to an absence of opposition. Using Dahl’s (1961) pluralist model, at a rudimentary level power can said to have been held by the ‘victorious’ actors, in this case the Labour-led local administrations in all three cities. That there was limited opposition to each of the bids in the early stages could suggest a general consensus, but Lukes (2005) specifically claimed that this ignored the very nature of power in that it is possible to achieve false consensuses through the manipulation of power. The somewhat vocal opposition to the Glasgow and Sheffield bids in particular following their success would provide a strong supporting point to this view, as would the significant efforts made by the policy entrepreneurs to quell any fears before they could become organised into formal opposition groups. Conclusion Overtly, at least, the broad utility of the MSF indicates an unexpected degree of opportunism in more recent bids for large scale sports events. However, while opportunism and ‘coincidences’ do seem to exist, the opportunism is not universal across local and national contexts. Where it does still appear, the context in which it has operationalized has changed domestically and internationally. In the international context, these changes are changes in the expectations of international sports federations (ISFs), which increasingly expect governments to have strategies for such events. Domestically, these changes refer to both DCMS and UK Sport strategy which offer only ‘support’ and first require champions to come forward. In essence, the system is set up to encourage ‘entrepreneurs’. This latter point here is key. In Glasgow the MSF most clearly applies, despite the increasing centralisation of hosting. The politics stream is represented by the supportive national mood, the policy stream is putting together the bid and the problem stream is the challenge of demonstrating a new identity of Scotland. There was a clear window of opportunity and a symbol was required. The bid was at the right time to take advantage of this launch window. Similarly, although less convincingly, it also applied in Sheffield and Manchester. However, the MSF is only useful until the decision is made to bid. Policy communities, particularly issue networks, best explain the next step as the policy entrepreneurs attempt put together a community to deliver the bid and then the event. Essentially this represents a coalition of support, which is then dismantled, often to some resistance. More broadly, this study alludes to the positive perceived value of sport amongst local decision-makers. This concept has already been explored in the context of sports event tourism in Britain by Smith (2006) and the logical area for further study is the extent to which rational decision-making processes are applied or by-passed in other sports policy settings. References Adam, S. and Kriesi, H. (2007) The Network Approach. In: P. Sabatier (ed.) Theories of the Policy Process. Boulder: Westview, pp. 129-154. Dahl, R. (1961) Who Governs? New Haven: Yale University Press. Grix, J. (2002) Introducing Students to the Generic Terminology of Social Research. Politics, 22(3), 175-186. Horne, J. and Manzenreiter, W. (eds.) (2006) Sports Mega- Events: Social Scientific Analyses of a Global Phenomenon. Oxford: Blackwell. Houlihan, B. (2005) Public Sector Sport Policy. International Review for the Sociology of Sport., 40(2), 165-185. Interview #3, Former Senior Member of the British Student Sports Federation, 14 th October 2009. Interview #16, Senior Scottish Politician, 9 th June 2011. Interview #23, Senior Scottish Sports Administrator, 17 th June 2011. Interview #27, Manchester Bid Leader, 4 th November 2011. King, N. (2009) Sport Policy and Governance: Local Perspectives. Oxford: Elsevier. Kingdon, J. (1984) Agendas, Alternatives and Public Policies. Boston, MA: Little Brown. 284 Abstract book
New Researcher Award Lukes, S. (2005) Power: A Radical View. 2 nd edit. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Marsh, D. (1998) Comparing Policy Networks. Maidenhead: Open University Press. Rhodes, R.A.W. (1988) Beyond Westminster and Whitehall. London: Unwin. Richardson, J. (1982) Policy Styles in Western Europe. London: Allan and Unwin. Roche, M. (1994) Mega-Events and Urban Policy. Annals of Tourism Research, 1994. Sabatier, P. and Jenkins-Smith, H. (1988) Policy Change and Policy-oriented Learning: Exploring and Advocacy Coalition Framework. Policy Sciences, 21, 123-277. Sabatier, P. and Jenkins-Smith, H. (1993) Policy Change and Learning. An Advocacy Coalition Approach. Boulder: Westview. Smith, A. (2006) Tourists' Consumption and Interpretation of Sport Event Imagery, Journal of Sport and Tourism, 11(1), 77- 100. Zahariadis, N. (2007) The Multiple Streams Framework: Structure, Limitations, Prospects. In: P. Sabatier (ed.) Theories of the Policy Process. 2 nd edit. Boulder: Westview, pp. 93-128 www.easm2012.com 18-21 September 2012, Aalborg, Denmark 285
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The 20th EASM conference Sport betw
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Disclaimer: The organiser takes no
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Welcome Welcome from the President
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Scientific Committee EASM 2012 - Sc
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Scientific Committee Dr. James P Sa
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Youth Olympics Youth Olympics 12 Ab
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Youth Olympics Between institutiona
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Youth Olympics McDonnell, I. / Al
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Leadership Issues in Sport Organisa
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Tourism and Leisure Sport Managemen
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Global Sporting Events FIFA World C
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Global Sporting Events Olympics and
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Global Sporting Events Leveraging t
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Sport fans Sport fans 52 Abstract b
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Sport fans Hill, B. & Green, B.C.
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Sport fans Predictors of team ident
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Sport fans Exploring the stability
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Marketing in and through Sport The
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Sport policy providing them an att
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Sport policy Swedish elite sport at
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Sport policy Elite sport success st
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Sport policy Effectiveness of sport
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Sport policy Is it Turkey’s turn
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Sport policy Comparative analysis o
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The governance in sport(s) The gove
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The governance in sport(s) www.a
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Page 276 and 277: New Researcher Award 276 Abstract b
Page 278 and 279: New Researcher Award and co-supervi
Page 280 and 281: New Researcher Award Sport and new
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Page 286 and 287: New Researcher Award The challenge
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Page 290 and 291: Poster presentations Scientific sup
Page 292 and 293: Poster presentations Green, M.; O
Page 294 and 295: Poster presentations How winning or
Page 296 and 297: Poster presentations Evaluation of
Page 298 and 299: Poster presentations Evaluation of
Page 300 and 301: Poster presentations Volunteering i
Page 302 and 303: Poster presentations Lean thinking
Page 304 and 305: Poster presentations Corporate soci
Page 306 and 307: Poster presentations The legal orde
Page 308 and 309: Poster presentations Quaresma, L.
Page 310 and 311: Poster presentations Perceived foot
Page 312 and 313: Poster presentations I.R. Iran Wres
Page 314 and 315: Poster presentations Social respons
Page 316 and 317: Poster presentations Effects of the
Page 318 and 319: Poster presentations Light, R. (20
Page 320 and 321: Poster presentations The roles of p
Page 322 and 323: Index Index: Adams Andrew 99 Alay S
Page 324 and 325: Index Donnelly Paul 147 Downward Pa
Page 326 and 327: Index Kondrashin Alexander 317 Kön
Page 328 and 329: Index Phelps Sean 68 Phillips Alex
Page 330 and 331: Index Westerbeek Hans 21, 227, 230
Page 333 and 334: A strong voice in sport based on th
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Begivenhedernes centrum
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