Injectable Anesthesia and Analgesia of Birds by J. Paul ... - Ufersa

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Drug Dosage (Dose), Route Species / Remarks Reference Medetomidine Metomidate Metomidate (M) / Diazepam (D) Midazolam 2.0 mg/kg, IM 2.0 mg/kg, IM ~18 mg/kg (2 g dose), IM (M) 20 mg//kg, IM / (D) 2.5 mg/kg, IV 2.0 mg/kg, IM 6 mg/kg, IM Amazon Parrots (Amazona spp.): Sedation characterized by laying on sternum and just able to support their head; birds could be placed in dorsal recumbency were they remained if undisturbed. If disturbed they would stand up, open their eyes, and lift their heads. A 1.5 mg/kg dose did not allow placing the birds in dorsal recumbency. An anesthetic state was not acheived. The sedation level may facilitate radiography, venipuncture, or beak and nail trims. Reversal acheived with atipamezole. Pigeons (Columba livia): Sedation was characterized by laying on their sternums and just able to support their head; birds could be placed in dorsal recumbency were they remained if undisturbed. If disturbed they would stand up, open their eyes, and lift their heads. A 1.5 mg/kg dose allowed placing only 3 out of 4 birds in dorsal recumbency; the other pigeon remained standing. Reversal acheived with atipamezole. Red-necked ostriches (Struthio camelus) (two sub-adults): Darted; showed no signs of sedation or behavioral abnormalities Chickens: rapid tranquilization & loss of consciousness by ~ 1 min; pain reflexes remained but were diminished; duration of action was short, ~ 5 - 10 min; adverse reactions to M in 2/8 birds, one bird recovered after 1 min of apnea, the other died; respiration & blood pressure increased, while heart rate decreased after M admin; diazepam administered 10 min after M resulted in surgical plane of anesthesia for ~15 min in the majority of the birds; 3 birds’ pain reflexes were abolished; 2 birds never reached a surgical plane of anesthesia. Canada geese (Branta canadensis): moderate sedation at 15 - 20 min; 1.0 mg/kg was inadequate for sedation; significantly increased respiratory rate at 10 - 30 min post injection; did not significantly affect blood pressure, heart rate, or temperature Quail (Colinus virginianus): induced heavy sedation (defined as being in dorsal recumbency with both wings easily extended) in 9/10 birds, and mild sedation in one bird; peak time to heavy sedation was at 10 min but ranged from 5 - 30 min; no arousal due to noise was observed. Dosages of 2 & 4 mg/kg were tested but the level of sedation varied and inadvertent noise aroused the birds. Naloxone 0.02 mg/kg, IV Ratites to reverse Carfentanil, fair recovery Sandmeier [18] Sandmeier [18] Ostrowski [33] Christensen, et al. [10] Valverde [8] Day and Roge [57] Cornick [34] Naloxone (N) / Diprenorphine (D) (N) 0.02 mg/kg, IV / (D) 0.04 mg/kg, IM Ratites to reverse Carfentanil, good recovery Cornick [34] Naltrexone (N) / Yohimbine (Y) (N) 3.0 mg/kg / (Y) 0.125 mg/kg, IV Ostrich (Struthio camelus): reversal of Carfentanil/xylazine mixture Raath, et al. [31]
Drug Dosage (Dose), Route Species / Remarks Reference Propofol 4 - 12 mg, IV, for induction / 0.5 mg/kg/min, IV, maintenance Barn Owl (Tyto alba): induced anesthesia with 4 mg given in 1 mg boluses at 30-sec intervals; an additional 8 mg was given over the next 10 min due to bird’s response to feather plucking; a constant infusion of propofol was used to maintain a stable plane of anesthesia; transient decrease in SAP, DAP, and MAP observed immediately after induction; after infusion was stopped wing movement occurred within 5 min and ability to lift head up and maintain sternal posture within 30 min; appropriate for short surgical procedures (in this case a tracheal resection) (case report). Mama, et al. [1] 4.5 - 9.7 mg/kg, IV Chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus); maintained by constant infusion of propofol, 0.5 - 1.2 mg/kg/min; arrhythmias common; significant respiratory and cardiovascular depression; hypoxemia also common; narrow margin of safety, 3 times the induction dose was fatal. Mallard ducks; 1 to 4 mg IV bolus maintenance doses (0.7 - 4.5 mg/kg) at ~ 5 min intervals; apnea after induction bolus, but increased in respiratory rate with time; risk of severe bradycardia; light plane of anesthesia; intraoperative analgesia required Ostriches (Struthio camelus); ketamine/medetomidine (preanesthetic) allowed sufficient sedation to place IV catheter; propofol induction & maintenance (0.2 mg/kg/min constant rate infusion); apnea & bradycardia observed; anesthesia rated good Pigeon (Columbia livia): bolus dose produced a smooth, rapid induction, with good muscle relaxation, and loss of voluntary reflexes lasting 2 - 7 min. Lethal Dose determined to be ~ 20 - 26 mg/kg if ventilation was not assisted. Wild Turkeys; maintained surgical plane of anesthesia with 0.5 mg/kg/min of propofol, IV; apnea immediately after induction lasted 10 - 30 sec; risk of hypoxemia; smooth recovery Lukasik [23] 7.3 - 11.2 mg/kg (10 mg dose), IV Machin [21] 3 mg/kg (induction), IV Langan [22] 14 mg/kg, IV Fitzgerald & Cooper [25] 5 mg/kg (in 20sec), IV Schmacher [24] Thiopental 20 mg/kg, intraosseous Chickens: time to induction was ~12 - 21 seconds; allowed intubation; increased respiratory rate; time to recovery ~ 13 - 20 min; failure rate for cannulation and induction of anesthesia was 21% (3/14). Valverde, et al. [3] Tiletamine (T) / Zolazepam (Z) 5 mg/kg, IM Great Horned Owls (Bubo virginianus): Induction times ranged from ~5.5 - 12 min; times to standing ranged from ~60 - 77 min. Rapid decrease seen in heart rate within 2 min after induction then remained constant. Respiration rates decreased for the initial 20 min of anesthesia. Inductions and recoveries were smooth. Kreeger, et al. [13] 10 mg/kg, IM Great Horned Owls (Bubo virginianus): Induction times ranged from ~3.2 - 4.0 min; times to standing ranged from ~81 - 95 min. Heart rates within first 2 min after induction remained higher than after a 5 mg/kg dosage but decreased over time. Respiration rates decreased for the initial 20 min of anesthesia. Inductions and recoveries were smooth. Total recover times ranged from ~210 - 283 min. Kreeger, et al. [13] 2.3 - 5.8 mg/kg, IV Ratites: used to induce sternal recumbency; rapid and smooth; 3.4 - 4.9 mg/kg for emus; 3.0 - 5.8 mg/kg for rheas; 2.3 - 4.0 mg/kg for ostriches Lin [30]
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