Injectable Anesthesia and Analgesia of Birds by J. Paul ... - Ufersa

Drug Dosage (Dose), Route Species / Remarks Reference
2.3 - 4.9 mg/kg, IV
Ratites: induced with tiletamine/zolazepam; maintained
with isoflurane, 1 - 4%; bradycardia & apnea observed;
diazepam (0.21 - 0.41 mg/kg, IV) administered post-op to
smooth recovery
Lin [30]
10, 15, 20, or 40 mg/kg,
IM
Red Tailed Hawks: None of these doses induced a loss of
consciousness.
Kreeger,
et al. [13]
10 mg/kg, IM
Screech Owls(2): Induction times ranged from 1.5 - 2.7
min; time to first raise their heads ranged from ~60 - 63
min. Total recover times were > 5 hours.
Kreeger,
et al. [13]
Tolazoline
15 mg/kg, IV
Turkey vultures (Cathartes aura): to reverse the effects of
xylazine (see ketamine/xylazine combination above);
regained consciousness in ~ 2 - 6 min; normal standing
postures were observed in under 20 min but appeared to
have a dull mentation and moderately sedated for 30 - 60
min after administration.
Allen and
Oosterhuis
[17]
Xylazine
~1.1 - 1.3 mg/kg (150 mg
dose), IM
Ostrich (Struthio camelus) (n=1): darted; marked excitation
but no immobilization and the bird was unapproachable
Ostrowski
[33]
Xylazine (X) /
Butorphanol (B)
(X) 1.06 - 2.03 mg/kg / (B)
0.10 - 0.14 mg/kg, IM
Ostriches & emus: produced a calming effect; drowsy and
ataxic 10 - 15 min after injection
Rheas: higher dosages of xylazine/butorphanol needed to
produce a similar tranquilizing effect as seen in ostriches
and emus; maintained on isoflurane, 1 - 5%; midazolam
(0.15 mg/kg, IV) or diazepam (0.33 mg/kg, IV)
administered post-op to smooth recovery
Lin [30]
(X) 2.26 - 2.75 mg/kg / (B)
0.12 - 0.20 mg/kg, IM
Lin [30]
Xylazine (X) /
Butorphanol (B) /
Tiletaminezolazepam
(Tz)
(X) 1.06 - 2.21 mg/kg / (B)
0.10 - 0.55 mg/kg, IM /
(Tz) 3.5 mg/kg, IV
Ratites: tranquilized with X/B; induced with Tz;
maintained with 1 - 3.5% isoflurane; bradycardia & apnea
observed; diazepam (0.13 - 0.40 mg/kg, IV) administered
post-op to smooth recovery
Lin [30]
Xylazine (X) /
Carfentanil (C)
(X) 0.5 mg/kg, IM / (C)
0.15 mg/kg, IV
Ratites: Xylazine given prior to carfentanil. good induction
allowing intubation; apnea, hypercapnia, IPPV needed;
Cornick
and
Jensen
[34]
Yohimbine
0.11 mg/kg, IM
Ostrich; used to reverse xylazine during a prolonged
recovery period
Lin [30]
0.10 mg/kg, IV
Red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis): optimal dosage to
significantly reduce standing times after 20 min anesthesia
with a 4.4 mg/kg ketamine and 2.2 mg/kg xylazine without
causing profound cardiovascular or respiratory responses
Degernes
[14]
Yohimbine
0.275 mg/kg, IM
Budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus): reversal of
ketamine/xylazine combination. Significantly reduced
recovery times indicated by a head lift, standing unaided
without ataxia, and perching.
Heaton
and
Brauth
[16]
References
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alba) undergoing tracheal resection. J Zoo Wildlife Med 1996; 27(3):397-401.
2. Curro TG. Anesthesia of pet birds. Seminars in Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine 1998; 7(1):10-21.
3. Valverde A, Bienzle D, Smith DA, et al. Intraosseous cannulation and drug administration for induction of anesthesia in
chickens. Vet Surg 1993; 22(3):240-244.
4. Ludders JW. Avian anesthesia for the general practitioner. In: Proceedings of the North Am Vet Conf 1992-1994; 791-
793.