Injectable Anesthesia and Analgesia of Birds by J. Paul ... - Ufersa

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Drug Dosage (Dose), Route Species / Remarks Reference Ketamine 30 mg/kg, intraosseous Chickens: tendency towards decreased heart rate and systolic blood pressure after administration; failure rate for cannulation and induction of anesthesia was 21% (3/14); some thrashing during induction; time to induction ~ 20 seconds; time to recovery ~ 19 - 34 min Valverde, et al. [3] Ketamine, D (+), L (-), or D/L (+/-) racemic mixture 10 mg/kg (+), IV; or 20 mg/kg (+/-), IV; or 30 mg/kg (-), IV Great horned owls (Bubo virginianus): The (+) isomer provided an equal duration of immobility and significantly greater muscle relaxation compared to a three-fold greater dose of the (-) isomer. Apnea and cardiac irregularities occurred only with the (-) isomer and the racemate. Redig, et al. [58] Ketamine (K) / Diazepam (D) (K) 75 mg/kg, IM / (D) 2.5 mg/kg, IV Chickens: K administration brought on a tranquilized state, arousal from which elicited excitation; pain reflexes remained and handling brought on muscle contractions or tremor; D administration after 10 min deepened the tranquilized state but did not reach a surgical plane of anesthesia; heart rate was significantly decreased during the anesthetized period. Christensen, et al. [10] 10 - 50 mg/kg, IM / 0.5 - 2.0, IM or IV Pet Birds: (K) doses can be halved for IV use; less cardiac depressant effect than a ketamine/xylazine combination; good choice for very sick birds, but only if isoflurane anesthesia is not available. Wheler [59] Ketamine (K) / Diazepam (D) / Atropine (A) Ketamine (K) / Medetomidine (M) (K) 30 - 40 mg/kg / (D) 1.0 - 1.5 mg/kg / (A) 0.05 mg/kg, IV (K) 2 mg/kg, IM / (M) 80 mg/kg, IV (K) 3 - 5 mg/kg / (M) 50 - 100 mg/kg, IM; or (K) 2 - 4 mg/kg / (M) 25 - 75 mg/kg, IV (K) 3 - 7 mg/kg / (M) 75 - 150 mg/kg, IM (K) 2 - 5 mg/kg / (M) 50 - 100 mg/kg, IV (K) 5 - 10 mg/kg / (M) 100 - 200 mg/kg, IM or IV Raptors: diazepam decreased the ketamine dosage; owls may require < half of this dosage; overweight individuals need divided doses; if the total dose of ketamine exceeds 50 mg it should be given in divided doses of < 50 mg at 2 - 3 min intervals Ostriches (Struthio camelus): preanesthesia: profound sedation & sternal recumbency in 6/8 birds, two birds were moderately sedated but remained standing; provided immobilization; reversed with atipamezole (after propofol anesthesia was discontinued) Raptors: induction 2 - 7 min, IM, and 10 - 30 sec., after IV administration; induction period was calm; injection volumes were small; respiration deep and regular; myorelaxation was good; owls were especially susceptible to the anesthetic effects; spontaneous recoveries were calm and began ~10 - 20 min after injection; Reversal with atipamezole was rapid. Psittacines: induction 2 - 7 min, IM, and 10 - 30 sec., after IV administration; induction period was calm; injection volumes were small; respiration deep and regular; myorelaxation was good; spontaneous recoveries were calm and began ~10 - 20 min after injection; Reversal with atipamezole was rapid. Geese: induction 2 - 7 min, IM, and 10 - 30 sec., after IV administration; induction period was calm; injection volumes were small; respirations deep and regular; myorelaxation was good; spontaneous recoveries were calm and began ~10 - 20 min after injection; Reversal with atipamezole was rapid. Redig & Duke [60] Langan [22] Jalanka [52] Jalanka [52] Jalanka [52] (K) 4.6 - 28.0 mg/kg / (M) 93 - 500 mg/kg, IV 16 avian species with 1 - 11 birds/species (60 birds total); the median dosage of ketamine was 8.2 mg/kg and the ~ median dosage of medetomidine 250 - 300 mg/kg; Reversal with atipamezole Berthier [53]
Drug Dosage (Dose), Route Species / Remarks Reference Ketamine (K) / Medetomidine (Me) / Midazolam (Mi) (K) 7.3 - 11.2 mg/kg (10 mg dose) / (Me) 36.5 - 56.2 mg/kg (50mg dose) / (Mi) 1.46 - 2.25 mg/kg (2 mg dose), IV Mallard ducks: 20 min duration; transient hypertension, bradycardia, and apnea; decreased respiratory rate after induction; resuscitation often required; survival risk; reversal with atipamezole, 0.25 mg, and flumazenil, 0.025 mg, IV Machin [21] Ketamine (K) / Midazolam (M) (K) 10 - 25 mg/kg / (M) 0.5 - 1.0 mg/kg, IM Pet Birds: (M) is short-acting & contraindicated when severe hepatic disease is present. Wheler [59] Ketamine (K) / Propofol (P) (K) 20 mg/kg, IM / (P) 4.1 - 8.6 mg/kg (to effect), IV Pigeons (Columbia livia): ketamine followed by repeated doses of propofol provided ~ 3.5 min loss of muscle tone and pedal reflexes for each dose of propofol. Increased heart rate and decreased respiration within first minute after propofol administration. Apnea occurred after 62% of the propofol incremental doses. Assisted ventilation was necessary to revive the bird if the apnea was prolonged. Budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus): no response to toe pinch within 5 min; anesthesia was effective for 45 + min 2/14 birds died; one at 44 min and the other at 220 min after ketamine/xylazine administration. Reversal with yohimbine. Fitzgerald & Cooper [25] Ketamine (K) / Xylazine (X) (K) 40 mg/kg / (X) 10 mg/kg, IM Heaton and Brauth [16] (K) 50 mg/kg / (X) 4 mg/kg, IM Goshawks (Accipiter gentilis): lethal dose! Lumeij [20] (K) 15 mg/kg / (X) 0.15 mg/kg, IM Great Horned Owl (Bubo virginianus): immobilization noted within five min; transient apnea during initial 5 min; normal ventilation returned after 10 min Advise caution in using repeated doses due to an observed deterioration in cardiopulmonary stability. Supplemental oxygen improved cardiopulmonary performance. Raffe, et al. [19] (K) 50 mg/kg / (X) 4 mg/kg, IM Pigeons: no satisfactory induction of anesthesia was observed at this dosage. Lumeij [20] (K) 4.4 mg/kg / (X) 2.2 mg/kg, IV Red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis): adequate anesthesia for ~ 15 min of diagnostic or surgical procedures; significant respiratory and cardiovascular depression; reversal with yohimbine, 0.10 mg/kg, IV Degernes [14] (K) 5.0 mg/kg / (X) 1.0 mg/kg, IV Ostrich (Struthio camelus) chicks (9 - 10 weeks): rapid induction; corneal reflexes remained present while pedal reflexes were lost in 3 of 4 birds for 2 - 7 min; anesthesia maintained with the use of alphaxalone/alphadolone Gandini, et al. [32] (K) 10 mg/kg / (X) 1 mg/kg, IM Turkey vultures (Cathartes aura): Induction was observed in ~5 min and anesthesia (dorsal recumbency) lasted ~110 min; good muscle relaxation was observed; reversal with tolazoline was rapid. Allen and Oosterhuis [17] Ketoprofen 5 mg/kg, IM Mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos): Thromboxane (TBX) levels significantly suppressed for at least 4 hr; pain responses were not assessed, so there was no correlation made between degree of TBX inhibition and degree of analgesia. Machin et al., [56] 2 mg/kg, PO Quail: pharmacokinetic study (poor predictor of NSAIDS efficacy); "extremely short" half life and low bioavailability (F= 23%) when administered orally. Graham [46] Lidocaine 2 mg/kg, IV Birds > 2 kg: local anesthetic; standard formulary must be diluted prior to use to accurately measure usable volumes. Ludders [4] 0.5 mg/kg, IV Chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus): Used to treat ventricular tachycardia causing an arrhythmia in one bird. Lukasik [23]
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Injectable Anesthesia and Analgesia of Birds by J. Paul ... - Ufersa

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