Injectable Anesthesia and Analgesia of Birds by J. Paul ... - Ufersa

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Drug Dosage (Dose), Route Species / Remarks Reference Carfentanil ~0.03 mg/kg (3.3 mg dose), IM Ostrich (Struthio camelus): darted; marked initial excitement phase, onset took 2 - 3 min, characterized as breaking away from the group and running in an uncontrolled manner; walking backwards, circling or courtship behavior prior to recumbency; smooth reversal with naltrexone, 3.0 mg/kg. Raath, et al. [31] Carfentanil (C) / 5% Isoflurane (C) 0.3 mg/kg, IM Ratites: initial excitement phase, 5 min; apnea while under 5% isoflurane maintenance anesthesia and after isoflurane was discontinued. Cornick and Jensen [34] Carfentanil (C) / Xylazine (X) (C) 0.03 mg/kg (3 mg dose) / (X) 1.5 mg/kg (150 mg dose), IM Ostrich (Struthio camelus): darted; initial excitement phase, onset took 2 - 3 min; recumbency in ~ 5 min; subjective assessment was that xylazine decreased the initial excitement level; smooth reversal with naltrexone/yohimbine, 3.0 / 0.125 mg/kg, respectively. Raath, et al. [31] Carprofen 1.0 mg/kg, SC Chickens: improved ability of moderately lame birds to walk. McGeown, et al. [48] 0.4 - 40 mg/kg/day Broiler Chickens: Self-selection of three doses of carprofen coated feed (3.4, 34.3, and 343 mg/kg of feed) or normal feed; carprofen feeding improved gait in lame birds; lame birds selected more feed containing carprofen than did sound birds; consumption of carprofen-feed increased with the severity of lameness. Chickens: D diluted to a 0.2% solution prior to use; D administered prior to K into opposite thigh muscles; smoothly induced anesthesia within 4 min and lasted ~ 47 min; analgesia evident in 8 min and lasted 28 min; muscle relaxation good; respiratory rate significantly decreased from baseline; corneal reflex remained present. Chickens: duration of analgesia and anesthesia significantly prolonged with 20 mg/kg vs.10 mg/kg dosage of K, as noted above; smoothly induced anesthesia within 3 min and lasted for ~94 min; analgesia was evident in 6 min and lasted 63 min Danbury, et al. [49] Detomidine (D) / Ketamine (K) (D) 0.3 mg/kg, IM / (K) 10 mg/kg, IM Mohammad, et al. [55] (D) 0.3 mg/kg, IM / (K) 20 mg/kg, IM Mohammad, et al. [55] Diazepam 0.13 - 0.41 mg/kg, IV Ratites: used to smooth recovery from tiletamine/zolazepam. Lin [30] Diprenorphine ~100 - 240 mg/kg (12 - 30 mg dose), IV Red-necked ostriches (Struthio camelus): to reverse etorphine; lead to a fast but violent recovery. Ostrowski [33] Doxapram 5 mg/kg, IV or intralingual Ostriches (Struthio camelus): experiencing respiratory distress; ventilated mechanically. Ostrowski [33] Equithesin 2.5 ml/kg, IM Chickens: drowsiness observed 3 - 5 min after administration; pain reflexes remained and birds were easily aroused. Christensen, et al. [10] Equithesin (E) / Diazepam (D) (E) 2.5 ml/kg, IM / (D) 2.5 mg/kg, IV Chickens: D administered 15 min after E resulted in immediate surgical anesthesia which lasted 60 - 90 min, for long-duration surgical procedures; depth of anesthesia increased with increased diazepam doses. Christensen, et al. [10] Etorphine (E) / Ketamine (K) (E) 40 - 72 mg/kg (5 - 9 mg dose) / (K) 1.0 - 1.5 mg/kg (120 - 180 mg dose), IM Ostriches (Struthio camelus): darted; initial excitation phase; mean time to recumbency 12 min; deep sedation but short duration, 9 - 15 min; risk of over-exertion myopathy, apnea, and bradycardia; reversal with diprenorphine resulted in quick but violent recoveries. Ostrowski [33]
Drug Dosage (Dose), Route Species / Remarks Reference Etorphine (E) / Medetomidine (M) (E) 64 - 72 mg/kg (8 - 9 mg dose) / (M) 32 - 64 mg/kg (4 - 8 mg dose), IM Ostriches (Struthio camelus): darted; initial excitation phase; mean time to recumbency 8 min; deep sedation but short duration, 8 - 16 min; risk of over-exertion myopathy, apnea, and bradycardia; reversal with diprenorphine/atipamezole resulted in quick but violent recoveries. Ostrowski [33] Flunixin meglumine (FM), (NSAID) 4 mg/kg IM African grey (Psittacus erithacus) and blue-fronted Amazon parrots (Amazona aestiva aestiva): Does not have an isoflurane-sparing effect. Curro [39] 0.1 - 32.0 mg/kg, IM Northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus): Six dosage groups were administered FM, SID, for 7 days; all six groups had significantly more mineralized deposits in renal glomeruli than seen in controls and the severity increased with dosage; no changes in renal function indicators; at highest dosage, 32 mg/kg, necrosis was observed at the injection site. Klein, et al. [50] 5 mg/kg, IM Mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos): Thromboxane (TBX) levels significantly suppressed for at least 4 hr; pain responses were not assessed, so there was no correlation made between degree of TBX inhibition and degree of analgesia; muscle necrosis of ~1 - 2 cc at the injection site; may not be suitable for use in ducks. Machin et al., [56] 5.26 mg/liter of drinking water Broiler Chickens: survival times improved when treated water was supplied for three days prior to heat stress; peripheral prostaglandin F was unaffected by treatment; mechanism of action unclear. Oliver and Birrenkott [54] Flumazenil 0.1 mg/kg, IM Quail (Colinus virginianus): reversal of midazolam (6 mg/kg); time to complete recovery from heavy sedation averaged 1.6 min; birds progressed from dorsal recumbency to flight without relapse into sedation. Day and Roge [57] Glycopyrrolate 0.011 mg/kg, IV Ostriches (Struthio camelus): to treat bradycardia Ibuprofen Indomethacin 25 mg/kg, IV 50 mg/kg, IM, PO 50 mg/kg, IV 2 mg/kg, IV, PO Chickens: pharmacokinetic study with no assessment of analgesic effects; shorter half-life than in dogs; low bioavailability (F= 46.7% IM and 24.2% PO) compared to mammals. high pH in the crop may have precipitated the drug in the g.i. tract; unpredictable crop emptying and decreased motility of the crop due to handling the birds could have affected absorption. Broiler Chickens: Acute toxicity! Exhibited hyperexcitability, respiratory distress and death within 3 min; these central nervous system signs have not been reported in other species; postulated that this may be a nonpharmacological effect such as the displacement of other albumin bound ions (Ca or Mg) that leads to acute toxicity. Chickens: pharmacokinetic study with no assessment of analgesic effects; a large volume of distribution (suggesting tissue retention by peripheral tissues and/or high binding to plasma proteins with a slow return of the drug to the blood); slow but sustained oral absorption, attributed to high pH and unpredictable emptying of the crop, lead to mean residence times that were five times larger with the PO route than by IV administration; from the oral Cmax range of 0.5 - 1.1 mg/ml observed, they inferred that this was an effective anti-inflammatory dose based studies in mammals. Ostrowski [33] Roder, et al. [44] Roder, et al. [44] Cristofol, et al. [45]
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Injectable Anesthesia and Analgesia of Birds by J. Paul ... - Ufersa

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