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6.15.Measurement of the spreading radii at a high impact speed. The borders of each radius are marked by red squares. The position of the impact point is indicated by the horizontal dark line. The measurement was conducted until the impinging drop became flat at the 5 µs. Drop diameter: 191 µm, impact velocity: 64m/s, impact angle: 78°. Spatial resolution: 8.35µm/pixel, field of view: 2.61 mm × 2.17 mm, fps: 1 MHz. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 6.16.The dynamic spreading radii of the spreading lamella. Forward is defined as in the direction of the tangent velocity. The dimensionless radius is scaled by the diameter of the impinging drop as r ∗ = r/d 0 . The dimensionless time is as conventionally defined as t ∗ = t/(d 0 /v 0 ). In Plot (a) the final data point is connected with the second last one, because the radius was clearly recognizable during the entire spreading process. In Plot (b) and (c) the assumption made in Figure 6.15 took effect, and the missing radii were unrecognizable. Therefore there is no line between the last two data points. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 6.17.Generation of a singular secondary droplet of drop impact on a 0° target. Drop diameter: 191 µm, impact velocity: 43m/s, impact angle: 5°. Spatial resolution: 5.18µm/pixel, field of view: 1.62 mm × 1.35 mm, frame rate: 250 kfps. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 6.18.Mass-loss coefficient of drop impact on the 0° targets. The error bar results from strong deformation of the secondary drop. . . . . . . . . . 184 A.1. Drop diameter: 200 µm, impact velocity: 12m/s, impact angle: 106°. Spatial resolution: 5.18µm/pixel, field of view: 1.62 mm × 1.35 mm, fps: 500 kHz. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 A.2. Drop diameter: 186 µm, impact velocity: 32m/s, impact angle: 84°. Spatial resolution: 6.34µm/pixel, field of view: 1.98 mm × 1.65 mm, frame rate: 1 Mfps. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 A.3. Drop diameter: 190 µm, impact velocity: 42m/s, impact angle: 80°. Spatial resolution: 7.07µm/pixel, field of view: 2.21 mm × 1.84 mm, frame rate: 1 Mfps. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 A.4. Drop diameter: 199 µm, impact velocity: 64m/s, impact angle: 79°. Spatial resolution: 8.35µm/pixel, field of view: 2.61 mm × 2.17 mm, fps: 1 M Hz. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 List of Figures 255
A.5. Drop diameter: 189 µm, impact velocity: 14m/s, impact angle: 80°. Spatial resolution: 5.18µm/pixel, field of view: 1.62 mm × 1.35 mm, frame rate: 500 kfps. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 A.6. Drop diameter: 189 µm, impact velocity: 32m/s, impact angle: 67°. Spatial resolution: 7.07µm/pixel, field of view: 2.21 mm × 1.84 mm, frame rate: 1 Mfps. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 A.7. Drop diameter: 190 µm, impact velocity: 42m/s, impact angle: 80°. Spatial resolution: 7.07µm/pixel, field of view: 2.21 mm × 1.84 mm, frame rate: 1 Mfps. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 A.8. Target angle: 60°, drop diameter: 194 µm, impact velocity: 64m/s, impact angle: 63°. Spatial resolution: 8.35µm/pixel, field of view: 2.61 mm × 2.17 mm, fps: 1 M Hz. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 A.9. Drop diameter: 187 µm, impact velocity: 13m/s, impact angle: 65°. Spatial resolution: 5.18µm/pixel, field of view: 1.62 mm × 1.35 mm, frame rate: 500 kfps. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 A.10.Drop diameter: 184 µm, impact velocity: 28m/s, impact angle: 52°. Spatial resolution: 5.18µm/pixel, field of view: 1.62 mm × 1.35 mm, frame rate: 1 Mfps. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 A.11.Drop diameter: 191 µm, impact velocity: 38m/s, impact angle: 48°. Spatial resolution: 5.18µm/pixel, field of view: 1.62 mm × 1.35 mm, frame rate: 1 Mfps. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 A.12.Drop diameter: 193 µm, impact velocity: 64m/s, impact angle: 48°. Spatial resolution: 6.34µm/pixel, field of view: 1.98 mm × 1.65 mm, frame rate: 1 Mfps. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 A.13.Drop diameter: 199 µm, impact velocity: 14m/s, impact angle: 55°. Spatial resolution: 5.18µm/pixel, field of view: 1.62 mm × 1.35 mm, frame rate: 500 kfps. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 A.14.Drop diameter: 195 µm, impact velocity: 22m/s, impact angle: 45°. Spatial resolution: 5.18µm/pixel, field of view: 1.62 mm × 1.35 mm, frame rate: 500 kfps. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 A.15.Drop diameter: 197 µm, impact velocity: 43m/s, impact angle: 37°. Spatial resolution: 5.18µm/pixel, field of view: 1.62 mm × 1.35 mm, frame rate: 1 Mfps. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 A.16.Drop diameter: 199 µm, impact velocity: 63m/s, impact angle: 33°. Spatial resolution: 6.34µm/pixel, field of view: 1.98 mm × 1.65 mm, frame rate: 1 Mfps. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 256 List of Figures
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Drop Impact on Dry Surfaces with Ph
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Hiermit versichere ich, die vorlieg
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Fachgebiet Reaktive Strömungslehre
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to non-monotonic threshold impact v
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Splash, einseitiger Splash sowie de
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3.4.2. Calibration of the Infrared
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Nomenclature Latin capitals Unit A
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k angular wavenumber rad m −1 k R
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F G ge i K L lam m max min n opt r
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1 Introduction 1.1 Motivation Aircr
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of the WCE acquired experimentally
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passage was cooled down to −196
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SLD icing conditions have been defi
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−9 ◦ C and layers of freezing r
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adjacent downstream control volume,
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conventional methods. Papadakis et
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Figure 2.5.: Ice horn and clear ice
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This model showed good agreement un
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Xu et al. proposed the following sc
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Figure 2.9.: Splash thresholds of t
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Chen and Wang [28] observed the dro
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2.14 shows. On stainless steel, tin
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years ago [157]. Another peculiarit
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Figure 2.17.: At an ambient pressur
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The temperature needs to be found o
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The Stefan number St S completely c
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T(x, 0) = T A < T m , 0 < x < ∞ b
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Figure 2.20: Fraction of solidifica
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The mathematical description of the
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asal plane. Without all these facto
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Part I. Impact of Supercooled Water
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3 Experimental Setup This chapter i
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drop and the tube as between such t
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of nucleation ice dendrite growth,
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The boundary condition is then 1
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0.021 W m −1 K −1 at −165 ◦
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outlet of the liquid. There are two
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The maximum depth of water in the c
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Figure 3.11.: Pneumatic drop genera
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Figure 3.13.: Pneumatic drop genera
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Adjusting the Pulse Width Longer el
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(a) Shadowgraph imaging (b) The sid
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Figure 3.21.: The cold plate was co
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Figure 3.25.: The transmittance of
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eproducible. The SHS was created by
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Figure 3.30.: Planck’s law The ot
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Figure 3.32.: Heterogeneity of the
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Figure 3.35.: The valid region afte
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Divided by dΩ, Eq. 3.33 is related
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Figure 3.39.: The wavelength depend
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Figure 3.41.: Orientation dependenc
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wavelength, so that the value for r
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Temperature Gradient In light of th
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(a) 0.00 ms (b) 1.39 ms (c) 2.79 ms
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Figure 3.48.: Synchronization syste
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Figure 3.50.: Experimental setup fo
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(a) 0 ms (b) 0 ms (c) 0.6 ms (d) 0.
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Figure 4.2.: The dynamic spreading
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Figure 4.4.: Influence envelope of
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(a) 0 ms (b) 0.4 ms (c) 0.8 ms (d)
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(a) 0 ms (b) 1.39 ms (c) 2.79 ms (d
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(a) 0 ms (b) 0.05 ms (c) 0.1 ms (d)
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(a) −4 ◦ C, at 6.8 ms. (b) −1
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The contact temperature is closer t
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Obviously, the contact temperature
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Figure 4.13.: The dimensionless min
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always after the receding reached t
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Part II reports the experimental in
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to realize a high-speed rotation of
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Figure 5.2.: Impact surface with di
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Various such devices were developed
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than the values reported in literat
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Figure 5.7.: The monodisperse drop
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This performance is a reminiscence
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Figure 5.11.: The merging distance
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signal and the excitation signal of
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The analogy with a capacitor led to
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The real situation in the applicati
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Figure 5.15.: Static electric field
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Figure 5.19.: Phase shift and pulse
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disadvantage is that the number of
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Zoom Lens Working Distance Spatial
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the impact surface was not a sharp
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5.5 Synchronization Both single pul
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The last note on these two pulse tr
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Figure 5.28.: Calculation of the im
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6 Results and Discussion This chapt
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(a) 0 µs (b) 2 µs (c) 4 µs (d) 6
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high impact velocities approaching
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(a) 32 µs (b) 84 µs (c) 100 µs F
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(a) (b) (c) Figure 6.8.: Examinatio
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Our observations show that the lame
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6.3 Velocity of the Uprising Jet In
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(a) 1 µs (b) 3 µs (c) 4 µs Figur
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(a) 0 µs (b) 8 µs (c) 32 µs Figu
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(a) 45° target (b) 75° target (c)
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Nevertheless, the drop volume was e
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was surface tension. These factors
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the motion of the impinging water,
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of the single-side splash, the latt
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(a) 0 µs (b) 2 µs (c) 4 µs (d) 6
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(a) 0 µs (b) 1 µs (c) 2 µs (d) 3
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(a) 0 µs (b) 3 µs (c) 6 µs (d) 9
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(a) 0 µs (b) 10 µs (c) 11 µs (d)
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(a) 0 µs (b) 3 µs (c) 5 µs (d) 8
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(a) 0 µs (b) 1 µs (c) 2 µs (d) 3
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Page 235 and 236: A.7 5° target (a) 0 µs (b) 24 µs
Page 255 and 256: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) Figure B.4.
Page 257 and 258: (a) 0 ms (b) 0.4 ms (c) 0.5 ms (d)
Page 259 and 260: (a) 0 ms (b) 0.35 ms (c) 1 ms (d) 1
Page 261 and 262: 2.15.Prompt splash (left) was docum
Page 263 and 264: 3.12.Time t =0 corresponds to the s
Page 265 and 266: 3.31.The extension ring (left) betw
Page 267 and 268: 4.7. Infrared imaging: total reboun
Page 269 and 270: 5.5. The custom made vibrating orif
Page 271 and 272: 5.14.Static electric field between
Page 273: 6.6. Capillary wave created by the
Page 277 and 278: A.29.Drop diameter: 203 µm, impact
Page 280: List of Tables 2.1. MVD of Freezing
Page 283 and 284: Imaging and Computer Simulations. T
Page 285 and 286: [42] GENT, R. W., N. P. DART and J.
Page 287 and 288: [70] KOROLEV, ALEXEI V., GEORGE A.
Page 289 and 290: [99] MUNDO, CHR., M. SOMMERFELD and
Page 291 and 292: [125] RYERSON, CHARLES C., GEORGE G
Page 293 and 294: [153] ŠIKALO Š., C. TROPEA and E.
Page 296: Curriculum Vitae Personal Informati
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