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Part I. Impact of Supercooled Water Drops 45
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Drop Impact on Dry Surfaces with Ph
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Hiermit versichere ich, die vorlieg
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Fachgebiet Reaktive Strömungslehre
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to non-monotonic threshold impact v
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Splash, einseitiger Splash sowie de
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3.4.2. Calibration of the Infrared
Page 14 and 15: Nomenclature Latin capitals Unit A
Page 16 and 17: k angular wavenumber rad m −1 k R
Page 18 and 19: F G ge i K L lam m max min n opt r
Page 20 and 21: 1 Introduction 1.1 Motivation Aircr
Page 22 and 23: of the WCE acquired experimentally
Page 24: passage was cooled down to −196
Page 27 and 28: SLD icing conditions have been defi
Page 29 and 30: −9 ◦ C and layers of freezing r
Page 31 and 32: adjacent downstream control volume,
Page 33 and 34: conventional methods. Papadakis et
Page 35 and 36: Figure 2.5.: Ice horn and clear ice
Page 37 and 38: This model showed good agreement un
Page 39 and 40: Xu et al. proposed the following sc
Page 41 and 42: Figure 2.9.: Splash thresholds of t
Page 43 and 44: Chen and Wang [28] observed the dro
Page 45 and 46: 2.14 shows. On stainless steel, tin
Page 47 and 48: years ago [157]. Another peculiarit
Page 49 and 50: Figure 2.17.: At an ambient pressur
Page 51 and 52: The temperature needs to be found o
Page 53 and 54: The Stefan number St S completely c
Page 55 and 56: T(x, 0) = T A < T m , 0 < x < ∞ b
Page 57 and 58: Figure 2.20: Fraction of solidifica
Page 59 and 60: The mathematical description of the
Page 61 and 62: asal plane. Without all these facto
Page 66: This part reports the experimental
Page 69 and 70: water drops achieve thermal equilib
Page 71 and 72: The Nusselt number of a sphere in a
Page 73 and 74: to the analytical computation in th
Page 75 and 76: Figure 3.2.: The analytically predi
Page 77 and 78: the tap water and the nitrogen. In
Page 79 and 80: ing and a pinhole. The hydraulic co
Page 81 and 82: Figure 3.7.: Pneumatic drop generat
Page 83 and 84: Flexible Construction The intake tu
Page 85 and 86: in Figure 3.14. Moreover the pressu
Page 87 and 88: not listed, because it is dependent
Page 89 and 90: As soon as the air inside the enclo
Page 91 and 92: Figure 3.23.: A lens with 20 mm foc
Page 93 and 94: The wettability of a surface is mea
Page 95 and 96: 3.4.1 Challenges Accompanying the L
Page 97 and 98: 3.31. The dot pitch of the chip is
Page 99 and 100: Figure 3.33.: The standard derivati
Page 101 and 102: Curved Surface If a surface is an i
Page 103 and 104: Figure 3.38.: The orientation depen
Page 105 and 106: Figure 3.40.: Refraction, reflectio
Page 107 and 108: Figure 3.43.: The complex index of
Page 109 and 110: Figure 3.45.: The penetration depth
Page 111 and 112: This states that a semi-transparent
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(a) 0.00 ms (b) 1.39 ms (c) 2.79 ms
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The trigger for the infrared imagin
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4 Results and Discussion This chapt
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exhibited clear dependence on the s
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Figure 4.3.: The maximum dimensionl
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would be interesting for further ex
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(a) 0 ms (b) 0.5 ms (c) 1.75 ms (d)
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In the experiments with sessile liq
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At the 3.1 ms, one secondary “dro
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necessary to evaluate the response
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4 mm thick, several orders of magni
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(a) 0 ms (b) 0 ms (c) 1.39 ms (d) 1
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Figure 4.14.: Rime ice observed in
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Part II. High Speed Impact of Singl
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5 Experimental Setup This chapter i
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2.17 N, and the torque as 0.75 Nm.
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In summary the high-speed impact wa
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(a) (b) (c) (d) Figure 5.4.: The
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5.2.2 Satellite Drop Formation and
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Figure 5.8.: Frequencies of the per
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Figure 5.10.: Dimensionless jet bre
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The method was a well-known techniq
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where ɛ 0 = 8.854 187 817 × 10
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where A is the area of the plate, H
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Figure 5.13.: Quantity of charge me
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Figure 5.17.: Synchronization of th
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(i.e. the “low time”) was adjus
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spot that a point object produces,
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center line, where the drop landed.
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Spectral Response of IS-CCD Respons
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The position signal was received by
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Figure 5.27.: Experimental setup fo
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Figure 5.29.: The Re and We numbers
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Mehdizadeh et al. [83] and Pan et a
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eventually disintegrated from the r
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(a) 0 µs (b) 32 µs (c) 64 µs (d)
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Figure 6.7.: Outcome of oblique imp
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Experiment of drop diameter impact
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three experiment accidently lay at
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Figure 6.11.: Temporal variation of
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Figure 6.13.: Magnitudes of the vel
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(a) 0 µs (b) 1 µs (c) 2 µs (d) 3
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6.5 Mass-loss of Drop Impact on the
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Figure 6.18.: Mass-loss coefficient
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7 Summary and Outlook 7.1 Summary T
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The corona splash threshold require
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A Image Collection of High-speed Ob
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(a) 0 µs (b) 1 µs (c) 2 µs (d) 4
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A.2 60° target (a) 0 µs (b) 8 µs
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(a) 0 µs (b) 2 µs (c) 4 µs (d) 6
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A.3 45° target (a) 0 µs (b) 10 µ
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(a) 0 µs (b) 1 µs (c) 3 µs (d) 5
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A.4 30° target (a) 0 µs (b) 8 µs
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(a) 0 µs (b) 2 µs (c) 4 µs (d) 1
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A.5 15° target (a) 0 µs (b) 12 µ
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(a) 0 µs (b) 5 µs (c) 8 µs (d) 1
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A.6 10° target (a) 0 µs (b) 16 µ
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(a) 0 µs (b) 12 µs (c) 28 µs (d)
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(a) 0 µs (b) 6 µs (c) 12 µs (d)
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(a) 0 µs (b) 16 µs (c) 48 µs (d)
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(a) 0 µs (b) 12 µs (c) 20 µs (d)
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A.8 0° target, water, bigger drop
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(a) 0 µs (b) 88 µs (c) 124 µs (d
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A.9 0° target, water, smaller drop
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(a) 0 µs (b) 12 µs (c) 32 µs (d)
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A.10 0° target, 80% methanol (a) 0
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(a) 0 µs (b) 32 µs (c) 64 µs (d)
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B Dynamic Spreading Radius The dyna
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(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) Figure B.3.
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C Supercooled Drop Impact on Super
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(a) 0 ms (b) 0.35 ms (c) 1 ms (d) 1
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List of Figures 2.1. Messinger’s
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2.23.The two-stage solidification o
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3.23.A lens with 20 mm focal length
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3.47.Infrared imaging of a supercoo
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5.2. Impact surface with different
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5.9. Frequencies of the perturbatio
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5.27.Experimental setup for high sp
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6.15.Measurement of the spreading r
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A.17.Drop diameter: 201 µm, impact
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A.41.Drop diameter: 165 µm, impact
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Bibliography [1] Fed. Aviat. Regul.
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[26] CARSLAW, H. S. and J. C. JAEGE
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[57] INGENIEURE, VEREIN DEUTSCHER,
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[85] MESSINGER, B. L.: Equilibrium
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[111] POLITOVICH, M. K., G. ZHANG,
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[140] STEPHAN E. BANSMER, BENJAMIN
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[169] YANG, J. C., W. CHIEN, M. KIN
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