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Acknowledgements The research work at hand has been carried out at the Institute of Fluid Mechanics and Aerodynamics (SLA, Fachgebiet Strömungslehre und Aerodynamik, Technische Universität Darmstadt) from Sep. 2008 to July 2013. I would like to thank my advisors Prof. Dr.-Ing. C. Tropea and PD Dr. Ilia Roisman for the opportunity of my doctoral study. Their invaluable guidance on experiment techniques and theoretical analyses played an indispensable role on conducting successful research. Furthermore, their lectures “Technische Strömungslehre” and “Fluid Mechanics in Emerging Technologies” were very enlightening. I am grateful for Dr. Marschall (SLA, TU Darmstadt) for his lecture “Höhere Strömungslehre und Dimensionsanalyse” and numerous discussions on theoretical fluid mechanics, Prof. Dr.-Ing. P. Stephan (TTD, Fachgebiet Technische Thermodynamik, TU Darmstadt) for his lectures “Technische Thermodynamik I&II”, “Wärmeund Stoffübertragung”, and “Höhere Wärmeübertragung”, Prof. Dr. Bernd Jähne (HCI, Heidelberg Collaboratory for Image Processing, Universität Heidelberg) for his lectures “Modern Image Sensors” and “Computational Imaging”. These lectures improved my knowledge in these fields. I would like to thank Prof. Sanjeev Chandra (University of Toronto, Canada), Prof. Marco Marengo (University of Bergamo, Italy), Prof. Alidad Amirfazli (York University, Canada), Prof. Dr.-Ing. B. Weigand (ITLR, Institut für Thermodynamik der Luft- und Raumfahrt, Universität Stuttgart) Dr.-Ing. Norbert Roth (ITLR, Universität Stuttgart), and Prof. Steve Garoff (Carnegie Mellon University, the U.S.A.) for fruitful discussions. I appreciate my senior colleagues, Dr. Nils van Hinsberg, Dr. Bruno Frackowiak, Dr. Feng Xu, Dr. Belal Zeitone, M.Sc. Andreas Lembach for their friendly and patient help at the beginning of my study. My colleagues, Dr.-Ing. Klaus Hufnagel, Dr. Gisa John (Gisa Kadavelil), Dr. Walter Schäfer, Dipl.-Ing. Lars Opfer, Dipl.-Wirt.-Ing. Ilja Buchmüller, Dipl.-Wirt.-Ing. Christina Weickgenannt, Dipl.-Ing. Chi-Yao Chang, M.Sc. Haitao Yu have been helpful with inspiring discussions on experimental techniques and theoretical analyses. Externally, Dr.phil.nat. Wolfgang Müller (TEMF, Institut Theorie Elektromagnetischer Felder, TU Darmstadt), Dr. Fei Yang (IWAR, Fachgebiet Abwassertechnik, TU Darmstadt), Dr.-Ing. Jens Bauer (SDY, Fachgebiet Strukturdynamik, TU Darmstadt), M.Sc. Ram Dayal (TTD, TU Darmstadt), Dipl.-Ing. Victor Weber (RSM, i
Fachgebiet Reaktive Strömungslehre und Messtechnik, TU Darmstadt), Dipl.-Ing. Stefan Bareiss (RSM, TU Darmstadt), Dipl.-Phys. Leila Nagel (Institut für Umweltphysik, Universität Heidelberg), Dipl.-Phys. Wolfgang Mischler (HCI, Universität Heidelberg), M.Eng. Jia Tian (PTW, Institut für Produktionsmanagement, Technologie und Werkzeugmaschinen, TU Darmstadt) have assisted me with equipment and valuable expertise on various topics. A special thanks must be extended to Mrs. Ilona Kaufhold and Mr. Martin Weiß and their wonderful teams, who have been always supportive on construction and manufacture of laboratory components. Besides, Mr. Mirko Feick (PTW, TU Darmstadt), Mr. Walter Nolde (VKM, Institut für Verbrennungskraftmaschinen und Fahrzeugantriebe, TU Darmstadt) and their teams have been helpful. Mr. Horst Nothnagel (AK Busch, TU Darmstadt) helped with the liquid nitrogen. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Boelcke, Dipl.-Ing. Fred Becker and their team in EWM (Elektronikwerkstatt Maschinenbau, TU Darmstadt), and Dipl.-Ing. Christoph Halscheidt (VKM, TU Darmstadt) have been of great help on the electronics. I would like to give a special thanks to our secretarial team: Birgit Neuthe, Petra Fuhrmann, Heike Kagerbauer, Silke Wallner, who have helped on administration issues, and especially Stephanie Lath who has helped on numerous financial issues. I appreciate our IT team: Kathleen Feustel, Denis Schinko, Micheal Kron, and Marcus Keiner, who have maintained the computer and internet system always in a perfect state. I appreciate the assistance from my four Bachelor students: Helge Eichhorn, Katrin Heinbücher, Erik Wagenknecht, Oliver Bartella, two ADP (Advanced Design Project) teams: Jan Breitenbach, Christoph Buchenhorst, Samim Doost, and Hannah Kittel in one team, and Chris Ascher, Sebstian Gatzka, Carina Klostermann, and Patrick Stegmann in the other team, four exchange students from the U.S.A.: Jennifer Batryn (California Polytechnic State University, RISE program), Christopher Guichet (University of California, Berkeley, IREP program), Narayanon Kidambi (University of California, Berkeley, IREP program) and Mackenzie Miller (University of Colorado at Boulder, IREP program), Hiwi Students Martin Gebbers, Torben Schfäfer, Ruochen Yang, Gong Wang for their CAD work, and Jan Breitenbach for producing the CAD photos. I thank all my colleagues for the warmhearted office atmosphere, and all my friends both in Germany and in China for their valuable support. I appreciate the 4-year scholarship from China Scholarship Council. The experimental work was financially supported by EU project EXTICE (FP7-AAT-2007-RTD- 1) and DFG project SFB - TRR 75. ii Acknowledgements
Page 1 and 2: Drop Impact on Dry Surfaces with Ph
Page 3: Hiermit versichere ich, die vorlieg
Page 7 and 8: to non-monotonic threshold impact v
Page 9 and 10: Splash, einseitiger Splash sowie de
Page 11 and 12: 3.4.2. Calibration of the Infrared
Page 14 and 15: Nomenclature Latin capitals Unit A
Page 16 and 17: k angular wavenumber rad m −1 k R
Page 18 and 19: F G ge i K L lam m max min n opt r
Page 20 and 21: 1 Introduction 1.1 Motivation Aircr
Page 22 and 23: of the WCE acquired experimentally
Page 24: passage was cooled down to −196
Page 27 and 28: SLD icing conditions have been defi
Page 29 and 30: −9 ◦ C and layers of freezing r
Page 31 and 32: adjacent downstream control volume,
Page 33 and 34: conventional methods. Papadakis et
Page 35 and 36: Figure 2.5.: Ice horn and clear ice
Page 37 and 38: This model showed good agreement un
Page 39 and 40: Xu et al. proposed the following sc
Page 41 and 42: Figure 2.9.: Splash thresholds of t
Page 43 and 44: Chen and Wang [28] observed the dro
Page 45 and 46: 2.14 shows. On stainless steel, tin
Page 47 and 48: years ago [157]. Another peculiarit
Page 49 and 50: Figure 2.17.: At an ambient pressur
Page 51 and 52: The temperature needs to be found o
Page 53 and 54: The Stefan number St S completely c
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T(x, 0) = T A < T m , 0 < x < ∞ b
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Figure 2.20: Fraction of solidifica
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The mathematical description of the
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asal plane. Without all these facto
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Part I. Impact of Supercooled Water
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3 Experimental Setup This chapter i
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drop and the tube as between such t
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of nucleation ice dendrite growth,
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The boundary condition is then 1
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0.021 W m −1 K −1 at −165 ◦
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outlet of the liquid. There are two
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The maximum depth of water in the c
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Figure 3.11.: Pneumatic drop genera
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Figure 3.13.: Pneumatic drop genera
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Adjusting the Pulse Width Longer el
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(a) Shadowgraph imaging (b) The sid
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Figure 3.21.: The cold plate was co
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Figure 3.25.: The transmittance of
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eproducible. The SHS was created by
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Figure 3.30.: Planck’s law The ot
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Figure 3.32.: Heterogeneity of the
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Figure 3.35.: The valid region afte
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Divided by dΩ, Eq. 3.33 is related
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Figure 3.39.: The wavelength depend
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Figure 3.41.: Orientation dependenc
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wavelength, so that the value for r
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Temperature Gradient In light of th
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(a) 0.00 ms (b) 1.39 ms (c) 2.79 ms
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Figure 3.48.: Synchronization syste
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Figure 3.50.: Experimental setup fo
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(a) 0 ms (b) 0 ms (c) 0.6 ms (d) 0.
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Figure 4.2.: The dynamic spreading
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Figure 4.4.: Influence envelope of
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(a) 0 ms (b) 0.4 ms (c) 0.8 ms (d)
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(a) 0 ms (b) 1.39 ms (c) 2.79 ms (d
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(a) 0 ms (b) 0.05 ms (c) 0.1 ms (d)
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(a) −4 ◦ C, at 6.8 ms. (b) −1
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The contact temperature is closer t
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Obviously, the contact temperature
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Figure 4.13.: The dimensionless min
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always after the receding reached t
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Part II reports the experimental in
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to realize a high-speed rotation of
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Figure 5.2.: Impact surface with di
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Various such devices were developed
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than the values reported in literat
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Figure 5.7.: The monodisperse drop
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This performance is a reminiscence
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Figure 5.11.: The merging distance
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signal and the excitation signal of
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The analogy with a capacitor led to
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The real situation in the applicati
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Figure 5.15.: Static electric field
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Figure 5.19.: Phase shift and pulse
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disadvantage is that the number of
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Zoom Lens Working Distance Spatial
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the impact surface was not a sharp
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5.5 Synchronization Both single pul
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The last note on these two pulse tr
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Figure 5.28.: Calculation of the im
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6 Results and Discussion This chapt
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(a) 0 µs (b) 2 µs (c) 4 µs (d) 6
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high impact velocities approaching
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(a) 32 µs (b) 84 µs (c) 100 µs F
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(a) (b) (c) Figure 6.8.: Examinatio
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Our observations show that the lame
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6.3 Velocity of the Uprising Jet In
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(a) 1 µs (b) 3 µs (c) 4 µs Figur
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(a) 0 µs (b) 8 µs (c) 32 µs Figu
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(a) 45° target (b) 75° target (c)
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Nevertheless, the drop volume was e
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was surface tension. These factors
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the motion of the impinging water,
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of the single-side splash, the latt
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(a) 0 µs (b) 2 µs (c) 4 µs (d) 6
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(a) 0 µs (b) 1 µs (c) 2 µs (d) 3
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(a) 0 µs (b) 3 µs (c) 6 µs (d) 9
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(a) 0 µs (b) 10 µs (c) 11 µs (d)
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(a) 0 µs (b) 3 µs (c) 5 µs (d) 8
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(a) 0 µs (b) 1 µs (c) 2 µs (d) 3
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(a) 0 µs (b) 6 µs (c) 10 µs (d)
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(a) 0 µs (b) 1 µs (c) 3 µs (d) 5
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(a) 0 µs (b) 8 µs (c) 24 µs (d)
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(a) 0 µs (b) 2 µs (c) 5 µs (d) 8
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(a) 0 µs (b) 16 µs (c) 32 µs (d)
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(a) 0 µs (b) 8 µs (c) 20 µs (d)
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A.7 5° target (a) 0 µs (b) 24 µs
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(a) 0 µs (b) 20 µs (c) 36 µs (d)
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(a) 0 µs (b) 8 µs (c) 16 µs (d)
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(a) 0 µs (b) 24 µs (c) 52 µs (d)
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(a) 0 µs (b) 16 µs (c) 32 µs (d)
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(a) 0 µs (b) 20 µs (c) 40 µs (d)
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(a) 0 µs (b) 10 µs (c) 22 µs (d)
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(a) 0 µs (b) 36 µs (c) 68 µs (d)
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(a) 0 µs (b) 36 µs (c) 72 µs (d)
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(a) 0 µs (b) 8 µs (c) 16 µs (d)
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(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) Figure B.4.
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(a) 0 ms (b) 0.4 ms (c) 0.5 ms (d)
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(a) 0 ms (b) 0.35 ms (c) 1 ms (d) 1
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2.15.Prompt splash (left) was docum
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3.12.Time t =0 corresponds to the s
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3.31.The extension ring (left) betw
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4.7. Infrared imaging: total reboun
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5.5. The custom made vibrating orif
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5.14.Static electric field between
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6.6. Capillary wave created by the
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A.5. Drop diameter: 189 µm, impact
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A.29.Drop diameter: 203 µm, impact
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List of Tables 2.1. MVD of Freezing
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Imaging and Computer Simulations. T
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[42] GENT, R. W., N. P. DART and J.
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[70] KOROLEV, ALEXEI V., GEORGE A.
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[99] MUNDO, CHR., M. SOMMERFELD and
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[125] RYERSON, CHARLES C., GEORGE G
Page 293 and 294:
[153] ŠIKALO Š., C. TROPEA and E.
Page 296:
Curriculum Vitae Personal Informati
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