MICRO-STRUCTURE ANALYSIS OF PLANT TISSUES - Lublin

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various degrees of light wave phase shift can be observed in a contrasted form. With the help of such microscopes one can observe much more cell organelle, even very small ones that are not visible in microscopes based on the bright field technique. The phase-contrast microscope permits also much clearer observation of some living processes of cells, such as cytoplasm movements [3, 4, 6, 8]. Interference microscope: This type of microscope operates in a manner similar to that of the phase-contrast microscope, i.e. transforms differences in the light wave phase into differences in light wave amplitude. The difference between the two types of microscope lies in the design of the optical system. Inside the condenser of the interference microscope is an optical system which separates the light beam into two components: 1 – light rays passing directly through the specimen, and 2 – light rays passing through the translucent area beside the specimen, i.e. the so-called reference light. On the other hand, the tube of the microscope has an optical system with reverse operation, i.e. combining the two beams into a coherent light beam. Interference takes place between the reference beam and the light rays deflected by the structures contained in the specimen. In view of the fact that the reference beam has constant characteristics, the optical system of the microscope not only contrasts the image, but can also be used for quantitative analysis of the dry mass of the structures under study and for the determination of the thickness of slices [3, 6, 8]. Polarizing microscope: Thus type of microscope incorporates two Nicole’s prisms of polarizing grids built into the optical system, causing polarization of light. One of the prisms, the polarizing prism, is located between the lamp and the condenser. The other prism, the analyzing prism, is installed above the objective lens. The position of the analyser prism is fully adjustable through the possibility of its rotation. If the planes of polarization are set to parallel, polarized light passes freely through the analyser and reach the observer – the field of view is then bright. If the polarization plane of the analyzer is set perpendicular to the plane of the polarizer prism, light polarized by the polarizer prism does not pass through the analyzer and the field of view is dark. Such a positioning of the elements polarizing light in the microscope, i.e. prism crossing, permits observation of objects with the help of the polarizing microscope [4, 6, 7, 8]. 26
2.1.7. Microscopy studies Microscopy studies of biological objects are a very important element of studies aimed at acquiring knowledge on the world around us. Such studies, however, can only be conducted after specific conditions have been met. The first such condition is the transparency of the objects under study, due to the fact that observations are most often performed in transmitted light - Fig. 2.8 a and b. The cells walls are visible on the pictures but the focal plane and the out-of-focus areas above and below the focal plane can be seen. Fig. 2.8. Image of carrot tissue structure obtained with OLYMPUS BX51 optical microscope with 10x magnification, observed in transmitted light: a) with the bright field technique, and b) with the dark field technique. The sample was 1mm thick. 27
Page 1 and 2: MICRO-STRUCTURE ANALYSIS OF PLANT T
Page 3 and 4: MICRO-STRUCTURE ANALYSIS OF PLANT T
Page 5 and 6: PREFACE The subject matter of resea
Page 7 and 8: PREFACE ...........................
Page 9 and 10: 1. THE GOAL OF IMAGE ANALYSIS OF PL
Page 11 and 12: within an object, caused e.g. by a
Page 13 and 14: 1.4. Analysis of plant tissue struc
Page 15 and 16: 2. MICROSCOPES AND SAMPLE PREPARATI
Page 17 and 18: focusing mechanism permitting the a
Page 19 and 20: 3 5 9 6 7 8 4 2 1 Fig. 2.4. The str
Page 21 and 22: 2.1.3. Mechanical elements Microsco
Page 23 and 24: 2.1.4. Image generation in optical
Page 25 and 26: 2.1.5. Resolution of the microscope
Page 27: a) 1 b) Relative refractive index 3
Page 31 and 32: One should take care, however, that
Page 33 and 34: may be difficult and the objects fi
Page 35 and 36: Object slicing and application of s
Page 37 and 38: them to straighten out without dama
Page 39 and 40: Fig. 2.15. Reconstruction of the tr
Page 41 and 42: Fig. 2.16. Images of the same part
Page 43 and 44: Fig. 2.17. Images of the structure
Page 45 and 46: 2.2. Confocal Microscopy Artur Zdun
Page 47 and 48: Fig. 2.19. Potato tuber tissue. The
Page 49 and 50: Fig. 2.21. Confocal Microscope oper
Page 51 and 52: Fig. 2.22. Potato tuber tissue. Ima
Page 53 and 54: in spite of the different original
Page 55 and 56: estimated that for most animal tiss
Page 57 and 58: However, because of the broadening
Page 59 and 60: 2.3. Electron Microscopy Andrzej Kr
Page 61 and 62: Due to the high vacuum inside the m
Page 63 and 64: Fig. 2.38 presents an image of aggr
Page 65 and 66: Fig. 2.38. Aggregation of starch gr
Page 67 and 68: a) b) c) d) Fig. 2.40. Schematics o
Page 69 and 70: Fig. 2.42. Schematic of ESEM detect
Page 71 and 72: Table 2.1. TECHNOLOGY LIMITING FACT
Page 73 and 74: 3. DIGITAL IMAGES AND THE POSSIBILI
Page 75 and 76: Fig. 3.1. Image processing and anal
Page 77 and 78: Table 3.1. Comparison of selected f
Page 79 and 80:
300 dpi, which corresponds to the p
Page 81 and 82:
If we consider a recording element
Page 83 and 84:
Fig. 3.4. Comparison of a circular
Page 85 and 86:
Fig. 3.6. Changing depth of digital
Page 87 and 88:
Fig. 3.7. Change in the appearance
Page 89 and 90:
Fig. 3.8. Comparison of an image in
Page 91 and 92:
Fig. 3.10. Determination of the num
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Maximum width This measurement can
Page 95 and 96:
Fig. 3.11. Counting particles visib
Page 97 and 98:
Let us analyse the distribution of
Page 99 and 100:
An example of the application of co
Page 101 and 102:
Fig. 3.16. The process of binarizat
Page 103 and 104:
Image analysis software packages fr
Page 105 and 106:
image is marked with the letter a).
Page 107 and 108:
The effect of operation of these fi
Page 109 and 110:
And another example of a filter: -1
Page 111 and 112:
3.8. Mathematical morphology Morpho
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and the whole operation is repeated
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The simplest problem is presented i
Page 117 and 118:
Fig. 3.29 illustrates the phenomeno
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Fig. 3.31. Model of RGB. Descriptio
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And substitution is an operation th
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increase decrease 255 contrast + 40
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Fig. 3.37. Application of normaliza
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4.1.2. Fixation of tissue structure
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The format most frequently used for
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Fig. 4.4. Histogram of grey levels
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orderline of two or three cells. Th
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Shape can also be described by mean
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Fig. 4.11. Image of the parenchyma
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4.2. Analysis of images obtained wi
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lens. However, the realization of t
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is now extremely easy, as all the w
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Fig. 4.16. Combination of erosion,
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Fig. 4.20. Division of binary image
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Fig. 4.24. Image labelling (AphImgC
Page 151 and 152:
Fig. 4.28. Repeat watershed detecti
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as 60%), then the source of error i
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in natural state maintaining high s
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Therefore, the tasks of the compute
Page 159 and 160:
Fig. 4.36. Result of Watershed oper
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and 5617 after correction. For carr
Page 163 and 164:
Fig. 4.38. Histograms of cell area,
Page 165 and 166:
should be analyzed separately. An e
Page 167 and 168:
) Fig. 4.42. Result of reconstructi
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MICRO-STRUCTURE ANALYSIS OF PLANT TISSUES - Lublin

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