MICRO-STRUCTURE ANALYSIS OF PLANT TISSUES - Lublin

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EC Centre of Excellence AGROPHYSICS Centre of Excellence for Applied Physics in Sustainable Agriculture QLAM-2001-00482 Reviewed by: Prof. dr hab. inż. Leszek Mieszkalski ISBN 83-89969-25-4 Copyright © 2005 by the Institute of Agrophysics Polish Academy of Sciences, Lublin, Poland Edition: 180 copies Cover design and layout: Justyna Bednarczyk Printed by ALF-GRAF, ul. Kościuszki 4, 20-006 Lublin
PREFACE The subject matter of research conducted by the Department of Agricultural Materials in Institute of Agrophysics PAS in Lublin concerns one of the most important problems of contemporary agriculture, related to the quality of agricultural production. High quality product means "health food", the production of which minimizes the hazard of interference with the natural environment, the product itself being under constant control and protection. Studies in this field require increasing amounts of knowledge on the object studied itself and on its behavior under a variety of effects. Contemporary food processing industry needs raw materials of high quality, homogeneity and stability of properties, meeting specific requirements for oriented utilization. Among many factors that influence on quality and utilization of agricultural plant product one of the most important is its micro-structure. The micro-structure means here cellular skeleton of a tissue. However, the problem that we still face up is how to quantify the micro-structure. For last 10 years we have been intensively worked on it. Our goal is to develop efficient computer method of micro-structure quantification. In order to do this, we have adopted microscopic techniques and sample preparation methods known in biology and material sciences. However, the first conclusion of our research was that a real plant tissue requires individual and original treatment. Being aware of that, we are still improving and extending our methods to new microscopes and new materials. This book is a state-of-art of our approach to the problem. More than 10 years experience with microscopy and image analysis has allowed presenting in this book how to obtain image of plant tissue and how to analyze it in order to quantify the micro-structure of plant tissues. Each part of this book was written by other author, researcher in the Department of Mechanics of Agricultural Materials, an experienced specialist at the topic presented. The first chapter gives overview of our approach to the problem. The goal of following chapters was presenting principles of a few microscopes that can be used for micro-structure quantification. This part was written by daily users of the microscopes. To prepare next Chapter we have invited one of the most word wide famous specialists at image analysis Prof. Leszek Wojnar. He was so kind to present tips and tricks with deep scientific interpretation of digital visualization 3
Page 1 and 2: MICRO-STRUCTURE ANALYSIS OF PLANT T
Page 3: MICRO-STRUCTURE ANALYSIS OF PLANT T
Page 7 and 8: PREFACE ...........................
Page 9 and 10: 1. THE GOAL OF IMAGE ANALYSIS OF PL
Page 11 and 12: within an object, caused e.g. by a
Page 13 and 14: 1.4. Analysis of plant tissue struc
Page 15 and 16: 2. MICROSCOPES AND SAMPLE PREPARATI
Page 17 and 18: focusing mechanism permitting the a
Page 19 and 20: 3 5 9 6 7 8 4 2 1 Fig. 2.4. The str
Page 21 and 22: 2.1.3. Mechanical elements Microsco
Page 23 and 24: 2.1.4. Image generation in optical
Page 25 and 26: 2.1.5. Resolution of the microscope
Page 27 and 28: a) 1 b) Relative refractive index 3
Page 29 and 30: 2.1.7. Microscopy studies Microscop
Page 31 and 32: One should take care, however, that
Page 33 and 34: may be difficult and the objects fi
Page 35 and 36: Object slicing and application of s
Page 37 and 38: them to straighten out without dama
Page 39 and 40: Fig. 2.15. Reconstruction of the tr
Page 41 and 42: Fig. 2.16. Images of the same part
Page 43 and 44: Fig. 2.17. Images of the structure
Page 45 and 46: 2.2. Confocal Microscopy Artur Zdun
Page 47 and 48: Fig. 2.19. Potato tuber tissue. The
Page 49 and 50: Fig. 2.21. Confocal Microscope oper
Page 51 and 52: Fig. 2.22. Potato tuber tissue. Ima
Page 53 and 54: in spite of the different original
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estimated that for most animal tiss
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However, because of the broadening
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2.3. Electron Microscopy Andrzej Kr
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Due to the high vacuum inside the m
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Fig. 2.38 presents an image of aggr
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Fig. 2.38. Aggregation of starch gr
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a) b) c) d) Fig. 2.40. Schematics o
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Fig. 2.42. Schematic of ESEM detect
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Table 2.1. TECHNOLOGY LIMITING FACT
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3. DIGITAL IMAGES AND THE POSSIBILI
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Fig. 3.1. Image processing and anal
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Table 3.1. Comparison of selected f
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300 dpi, which corresponds to the p
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If we consider a recording element
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Fig. 3.4. Comparison of a circular
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Fig. 3.6. Changing depth of digital
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Fig. 3.7. Change in the appearance
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Fig. 3.8. Comparison of an image in
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Fig. 3.10. Determination of the num
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Maximum width This measurement can
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Fig. 3.11. Counting particles visib
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Let us analyse the distribution of
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An example of the application of co
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Fig. 3.16. The process of binarizat
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Image analysis software packages fr
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image is marked with the letter a).
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The effect of operation of these fi
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And another example of a filter: -1
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3.8. Mathematical morphology Morpho
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and the whole operation is repeated
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The simplest problem is presented i
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Fig. 3.29 illustrates the phenomeno
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Fig. 3.31. Model of RGB. Descriptio
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And substitution is an operation th
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increase decrease 255 contrast + 40
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Fig. 3.37. Application of normaliza
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4.1.2. Fixation of tissue structure
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The format most frequently used for
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Fig. 4.4. Histogram of grey levels
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orderline of two or three cells. Th
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Shape can also be described by mean
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Fig. 4.11. Image of the parenchyma
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4.2. Analysis of images obtained wi
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lens. However, the realization of t
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is now extremely easy, as all the w
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Fig. 4.16. Combination of erosion,
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Fig. 4.20. Division of binary image
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Fig. 4.24. Image labelling (AphImgC
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Fig. 4.28. Repeat watershed detecti
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as 60%), then the source of error i
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in natural state maintaining high s
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Therefore, the tasks of the compute
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Fig. 4.36. Result of Watershed oper
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and 5617 after correction. For carr
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Fig. 4.38. Histograms of cell area,
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should be analyzed separately. An e
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) Fig. 4.42. Result of reconstructi
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MICRO-STRUCTURE ANALYSIS OF PLANT TISSUES - Lublin

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