Chapter 3 Population Geography - W.H. Freeman

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Region 85 40 0 40 80 120 160 80 60 60 40 20 0 20 40 20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 the base, suggest the rapid growth typical of the population explosion. What’s more, broad-based population pyramids not only reflect past births but also show that future growth will rely on the momentum of all of those young people growing into their reproductive years and having their own families, regardless of how small those families may be in contrast to earlier generations. Those population pyramids with more of a cylindrical shape represent countries approaching population stability or those in demographic decline. A quick look at a country’s population pyramid can tell volumes about its past as well as its future. How many dependent people—the very old and the very Maps.com WH Freeman and Company Publishers Domosh/The Human Mosaic, 12e Perm Fig: 308 Domosh12e_Fig3.08b - Annual population Change April 20, 2011 - Final Cyan Magenta Yellow Black young—live there? Has the country suffered the demographic effects of genocide or a massive disease epidemic (Figure 3.13, page 92)? Are significantly more boys than girls being born? These questions and more can be explored at a glance using a population pyramid. The Geography of Gender Although the human race is divided almost evenly between females and males, geographical differences do occur in the sex ratio: the The numerical ratio of males to sex ratio ratio between men and women in a females in a population.
86 Chapter 3 Population Geography 80 180 140 100 60 20 80 40 0 40 80 120 160 80 60 60 60 40 40 20 20 140 120 0 0 0 1000 2000 mi. 1000 2000 3000 km 20 Scale at latitude 35° 20 Flat Polar Quartic equal area projection 40 40 100 80 60 40 20 20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 Percentage of Women Practicing Some Method of Contraception Under 10% 10% to 25% 25.1% to 50% 50.1% to 75% Over 75% Not available Figure 3.9 The geography of contraception in the modern world, as measured by the percentage of women using devices of any sort. Contraception is much more widely practiced than abortion, but cultures differ greatly in their level of acceptance. Several different devices are included. (Source: World Population Data Sheet.) population (Figure 3.14, pages 92–93). Slightly more boys than girls are born, but infant boys have slightly higher mortality rates than do infant girls. Recently settled areas typically have more males than females, as is evident in parts of Alaska, northern Canada, and tropical Australia. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, in 2009 males constituted 52 percent of Alaska’s inhabitants. By contrast, Mississippi’s population was 52 percent female, reflecting in part the emigration of young males in search of better economic opportunities elsewhere. Some povertystricken parts of South Africa are as much as 59 percent female. Prolonged wars reduce the male population. And, in general, women tend to outlive men. The population pyramid is also useful in showing gender ratios. Note, for instance, the larger female populations in the upper bars for both the United States and Sun City, Arizona, in Figure 3.12 (page 90). Beyond such general patterns, gender often influences demographic traits in specific ways. Often gender Maps.com WH Freeman and Company Publishers Domosh/The Human Mosaic, 12e Perm Fig: 310 Domosh12e_Fig3.09 - Percentage of Women Practicing some form of Contraception April 20, 2011 - Final Cyan Magenta Yellow Black roles—culturally specific notions of what it means to be a man and what it means to be a woman—are closely tied to how many children gender roles What it means to be a man or a woman in different cultural and historical contexts. are produced by couples. In many cultures, women are considered more womanly when they produce many offspring. By the same token, men are seen as more manly when they father many children. Because the raising of children often falls to women, the spaces that many cultures associate with women tend to be the private family spaces of the home. Public spaces such as streets, plazas, and the workplace, by contrast, are often associated with men. Some cultures go so far as to restrict where women and men may and may not go, resulting in a distinctive geography of gender, as Figure 3.15, page 94, illustrates (see also Seeing Geography, page 112). Falling fertility levels that coincide with higher levels of education for women, however, have resulted in numerous challenges to these cultural ideas of male and female spaces. As more
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Chapter 3 Population Geography - W.H. Freeman

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