Chapter 3 Population Geography - W.H. Freeman

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Region 77 40 0 40 80 120 160 80 60 60 40 20 0 20 40 20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 predominantly young population depresses the death rate. Compared to Angola, Nicaragua’s death rate of only 4 per 1000 seems quite low. Because of its older population structure, the average death rate in the European Union is 10 per 1000. Australia, Canada, and the United States, which continue to attract young immigrants, have lower death rates than most of Europe. Canada’s death rate, for instance, is slightly less than 8 people per 1000. The Demographic Transition Maps.com WH Freeman and Company Publishers Domosh/The Human Mosaic, 12e Perm Fig: 303 Domosh_Fig3.03b - Birth Rate April 20, 2011 - Final Cyan Magenta Yellow Black All industrialized, technologically advanced countries have low fertility rates and stabilized or declining populations, having passed through what is called the demographic transition (Figure 3.7, page 82). In preindustrial societies, birth and death rates were demographic transition A term used to describe the movement from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates. both high, resulting in almost no population growth. Because these were agrarian societies that depended on family labor, many children meant larger workforces, thus the high birthrates. But low levels of public health and limited access to health care, particularly for the very young, also meant high death rates. With the coming of the industrial era, medical advances and improvements in diet set the stage for a drop in death rates. Human life expectancy in industrialized countries soared from an
78 Chapter 3 Population Geography Fertility Rate TFR 180 140 100 60 20 Under 2.1 80 80 2.1–3.0 3.1–4.0 60 4.1–5.0 5.1–6.0 40 Over 6.0 Not available 20 0 140 120 20 0 1000 2000 mi. 0 1000 2000 3000 km Scale at latitude 35° Figure 3.4 The total fertility rate (TFR) in the world. The TFR indicates the average number of children born to women over their lifetimes. A rate of 2.1 is needed to produce a stable population over the long run; below that, population will decline. Fast growth is associated with a TFR of 5.0 or higher. (Source: Population Reference Bureau.) Flat Polar Quartic equal area projection 40 100 80 60 40 20 average of 35 years in the eighteenth century to 75 years or more at present. Yet birthrates did not fall so quickly, leading to a population explosion as fertility outpaced mortality. In Figure 3.7, this is shown in late stage 2 and early stage 3 of the model. Eventually, a decline in the birthrate followed the decline in the death rate, slowing population growth. An important reason leading to lower fertility levels involves the high cost of children in industrial societies, particularly because childhood itself becomes a prolonged period of economic dependence on parents. Finally, in Maps.com WH Freeman and Company Publishers Domosh/The Human Mosaic, 12e Perm Fig: 304 Domosh_Fig3.04a - Total Fertility Rate April 20, 2011 - Final Cyan Magenta Yellow Black the postindustrial period, the demographic transition produced zero population growth or actual population decline (Figure 3.7, page 82, and Figure 3.8, pages 84–85). Achieving lower death rates is relatively cost effective, historically requiring little more than the provision of safe drinking water and vaccinations against common infectious disease. Lowering death rates tends to be uncontroversial and quickly achieved, demographically speaking. Getting birthrates to fall, however, can be far more difficult, especially for a government official who wants to be
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Chapter 3 Population Geography - W.H. Freeman

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