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Full-time equivalent participation in the labour force was consistently higher for men in all Member States in 2010, with an EU-27 average of 41 % for women and 56 % for men (see Figure 4.1.). Across Member States, this stretched between 28 % (MT) and 48 % of women (FI, DK, SE and CY) compared with between 49 % (LT) and 63 % of men (CY and CZ). Figure 4.1. Full-time equivalent participation by sex in EU Member States, 2010 100 % Women Men Average FTE employment rate in percent 80 % 60 % 40 % 20 % Women: 41 % Men: 56 % 0 % IT HU ES EL MT BE FR BG LT IE LV DE NL EE EU-27 PL UK LU RO SK AT FI SI PT DK CZ SE CY Source: Eurostat, LFS (data calculated by Eurostat at EIGE’s request) (emplrate_ft_equiv) This corresponds to an EU-27 average gender gap of 15 percentage points in 2010. The scale of this gender gap was wide, ranging from less than 10 percentage points in Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Finland and Bulgaria to as much as 33 percentage points in Malta (see Figure 4.2.). Figure 4.2. Gender gaps in full-time equivalent participation in EU Member States, 2010 Gender gap in percentage point 40 30 20 10 0 Gender gap towards men LT LV EE FI BG DK SE SI HU FR PT IE CY RO SK PL EU-27 ES BE UK CZ DE AT EL LU IT NL MT 15.5 Source: Eurostat, LFS (data calculated by Eurostat at EIGE’s request) (emplrate_ft_equiv) 58 Gender Equality Index – Report
4.1.2. Duration of working life The second gender indicator used to measure participation is duration of working life. It is an important indicator from a gender perspective as women are more likely than men to have career interruptions and/or to opt out of labour force participation. Variable definition: Duration of working life (years) The Duration of working life (DWL) indicator measures the number of years a person at a given age is expected to be active in the labour market. It provides valuable information on participation in the labour force by adding a life course perspective, as it captures issues such as youth unemployment or early withdrawal from the labour force (Eurostat, 2012). Data source: Labour Force Survey, Eurostat (lfsi_dwl_a) Periodicity: annual Duration of working life increased slightly for both women and men between 2000 and 2010. During this period of time, men’s duration in working life increased by about a year, from 36 years to 37 years. Women saw a slightly larger increase of three years, going from 29 years in 2000 to 32 in 2010. The data presented in Figure 4.3. shows that on average in the EU-27, in 2010, women worked for 32 years, compared with 37 years for men. At Member States level, women worked as few as 22 and 24 years in Malta and Italy respectively, but as much as 38 years in Denmark and 39 years in Sweden. Duration of working life was longer for men, starting as low as 31 years in Hungary, but reaching 41 years in Cyprus, the United Kingdom and Denmark and 42 years in the Netherlands and Sweden. Figure 4.3. Duration of working life by sex in EU Member States, 2010 Women Men Average 50 Women: 32 Men: 37 Duration of working life in years 40 30 20 10 0 HU IT MT BG PL LU RO EL SK BE LT CZ FR IE SI ES EU-27 LV EE AT DE FI PT CY UK NL DK SE Source: Eurostat, LFS (lfsi_dwl_a) Gender Equality Index – Report 59
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Gender Equality Index Report Report
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Halfway towards equality Equality b
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Contents Acknowledgements 2 1. Intr
Page 7 and 8: Finally, the report concludes with
Page 9 and 10: The measures range from getting mor
Page 11 and 12: Table 1.1. Existing gender indices
Page 13 and 14: The Gender Equality Index ensures t
Page 15 and 16: The gender framework developed by F
Page 17 and 18: equal work and work of equal value;
Page 19 and 20: Figure 2.1. Domains of the Gender E
Page 21 and 22: The second sub-domain examines gend
Page 23 and 24: Another important source of income,
Page 25 and 26: learning remains segregated in term
Page 27 and 28: The topic of power in decision-maki
Page 29 and 30: Figure 2.7. Domain of health and it
Page 31 and 32: complexity of the inequalities that
Page 33 and 34: disadvantage in terms of accessing
Page 35 and 36: 3.1. Indicators and measures During
Page 37 and 38: This yields values where 1 stands f
Page 39 and 40: age, as there is only one missing v
Page 41 and 42: Workers caring for and educating th
Page 43 and 44: Additionally, several variables wer
Page 45 and 46: Domain Conceptual framework Measure
Page 47 and 48: 3.2. Computing the Index The Gender
Page 49 and 50: The arithmetic mean allows full com
Page 51 and 52: Table 3.8. Mean experts’ weights
Page 53 and 54: Table 3.10. Pearson’s correlation
Page 55 and 56: Gender Equality Index - Report 55
Page 57: Table 4.1. Measurement framework fo
Page 61 and 62: Figure 4.5. Employment in the Educa
Page 63 and 64: The overall gender gap, for the per
Page 65 and 66: 4.1.6. Training at work The final i
Page 67 and 68: Table 4.2. Measurement framework fo
Page 69 and 70: 4.2.2. Mean equivalised income In a
Page 71 and 72: 4.2.3. Not-at-risk-of-poverty The f
Page 73 and 74: Figure 4.19. Income distribution (S
Page 75 and 76: 4.3.1. Tertiary education The gende
Page 77 and 78: On the contrary, at EU level in 201
Page 79 and 80: 4.3.3. Formal and non-formal educat
Page 81 and 82: Table 4.5. Measurement framework of
Page 83 and 84: 4.4.2. Cooking and housework Wide d
Page 85 and 86: Figure 4.32. Involvement in sportin
Page 87 and 88: Figure 4.35. Gender gap in involvem
Page 89 and 90: Figure 4.36. Ministers by sex in EU
Page 91 and 92: Figure 4.38. Members of regional as
Page 93 and 94: 4.5.6. Summary Women, compared with
Page 95 and 96: Figure 4.41. Good or very good self
Page 97 and 98: Figure 4.44. Life expectancy by gen
Page 99 and 100: The issue of unmet medical needs is
Page 101 and 102: Figure 4.50. Individuals without un
Page 103 and 104: Figure 4.51. Employment rates for p
Page 105 and 106: 4.7.3. Employment for lone parents/
Page 107 and 108: 4.8.1. Direct violence The first su
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Table 5.1. Scores of the Gender Equ
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Participation is measured by focusi
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5.2.2. Money matters The domain of
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Figure 5.4. Relationship between th
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The sub-domain educational attainme
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Table 5.5. Gender Equality Index sc
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In conclusion, gender equality in t
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Figure 5.10. Relationship between t
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Country Intersecting inequalities F
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Table 5.10. Gender Equality Index s
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The domain of violence, due to a la
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methodology based on sound statisti
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is an important area of gender equa
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Women remain less likely to partici
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Sex-disaggregated indicators to mea
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7. Annexes Annex 1: Domains of the
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Table 1.3. Domains of the Index in
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Table 1.5. Domains of the Index cov
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Women and the Economy (F) F1. Emplo
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G15. The proportion and number of w
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Annex 3: Correlation matrix of the
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Domain Money Money Financial resour
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2.5 Screeplot: Time 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5
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Annex 5: Indicators correspondence
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Table 6.2 . Percentage of women (15
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Annex 8: Scores of the Gender Equal
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Annex 10: Scores of the Gender Equa
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Annex 12: Scores of the Gender Equa
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8. References Anker, R. (1998), Gen
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Cueva, B. H. (2006), ‘What is Mis
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European Commission (2010), Communi
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Hakim, C. (1996), Key Issues in wom
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Rubery, J. (2002),’Gender mainstr
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European Institute for Gender Equal
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