Suitability of Correlation Arrays and Superresolution for Minehunting ...

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DSTO-TN-0443 as the FBLP method. One can be confident that a synthetic decorrelation method (such as FBLP or another spatial smoothing technique) disposes of a problem noted earlier: the need for a long time over which to form averages. Following success in decorrelating, one would still need to be aware of two limitations. The first is the limited number of discrete point targets that can be imaged. The second is the high signal-to-noise ratio required. At the longest ranges of minehunting sonar, this high SNR is not achievable, since the sonar is operating near the limit of mine detectability. The high SNR should however be achievable at closer ranges. Much work remains to be done; but the work required should be considerably lessened if one can adapt a method already developed for targets, as opposed to sources, such as the methods described by S&S. It should be noted, however, that the extension of their work to the wideband context remains to be done. This brings us to a last point: despite the vast literature pertaining to SR and correlation arrays for narrowband systems, rather little is known on these topics for wideband arrays. 14. Acknowledgements Discussions with Rory Niland and Stuart Anstee were valuable in the preparation of this report, as were comments made by Daniel Solomon on the first draft. Remarks of Kam Lo and John Shaw were helpful. The Minefinder project was initiated by Brian Ferguson. 15. References Blair, D.G. (2002). Theory Pertaining to Comparison and Calibration in an Experiment to Measure Acoustic Reflection Coefficients (AMRL Technical Note DSTO-TN-0417). Melbourne: Aeronautical and Maritime Research Laboratory Blair, D.G. and Anstee, S.D. (2000). Underwater Acoustic Imaging: A Simulation Program and Related Theory (AMRL Technical Note DSTO-TN-0274). Melbourne: Aeronautical and Maritime Research Laboratory. Brown, J.L. and Rowlands, R.O. (1959). Design of Directional Arrays. J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 31, pp. 1638–1643. Burg, J.P. (1967). Maximum Entropy Spectral Analysis. In: Proceedings of 37 th Annual Int. Meeting, Society of Exploration Geophysicists, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Oct.1967. Burg, J.P. (1972). The Relationship between Maximum Entropy Spectra and Maximum Likelihood Spectra. Geophys., 37, pp. 375–376. 38
DSTO-TN-0443 Capon, J. (1969). High Resolution Frequency-Wavenumber Spectrum Analysis. Proc. IEEE, 57, pp. 1408–1418. Charland, S.D. (1989). An Investigation of the Extent of the Fresnel Region of Aperture Antennas with Attention to Superdirectivity (Report no. DREO-TN-89-20). Ottawa: Defence Research Establishment. Childers, D.G. (Ed.) (1978). Modern Spectrum Analysis. New York: IEEE Press. Christiansen, W.N. and Hogbom, J.A. (1969). Radiotelescopes. Cambridge, U.K.: University Press. Clarke, I.J. and Mather, J.L. (1985). Computer Simulation of Advanced Signal Processing Algorithms. In: Array Signal Processing: an Underwater Group Conference held at University of Technology, Loughborough, UK, 16 th /17 th December 1985; being: Proceedings of the Institute of Acoustics, 7, Part 4; pp. 25–31. Clarke, J. (1970). Aperture-Synthesis Technique for H.F. Ionospheric Radar. Proc. IEE, 117, pp. 1633–1638. d’Assumpcao, H.A. and Mountford, G.C. (1984). An Overview of Signal Processing for Arrays of Receivers (Report no. ERL-0313-EX). Adelaide: Electronics Research Laboratory. Ferguson, B.G. (1998). Minimum Variance Distortionless Response Beamforming of Acoustic Array Data. J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 104, pp. 947–954. Gabriel, W.F. (1982). Tracking Closely Spaced Multiple Sources via Spectral-Estimation Techniques (NRL Report 8603). Washington, DC: Naval Research Laboratory. Gething, P.J.D. (1991). Radio Direction Finding and Superresolution, 2 nd Ed. London: Peter Peregrinus. Giuli, D. (1986). Polarization Diversity in Radars. Proc. IEEE, 74(2), pp. 245–269. Haykin, S. (Ed.) (1995). Advances in Spectrum Analysis and Array Processing, Vol. III. London: Prentice-Hall. Hung, H. and Kaveh, M. (1988). Focussing Matrices for Coherent Signal-Subspace Processing. IEEE Trans. on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, Vol. ASSP-36, 1272– 1281. Kay, S.M. and Marple, S.L. (1981). Spectrum Analysis—A Modern Perspective. Proc. IEEE, 69, pp. 1380–1419. Makhoul, J. (1975). Linear Prediction: A Tutorial Review. Proc. IEEE, 63, pp. 561–580. 39
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