Embedding R in Windows applications, and executing R remotely
Embedding R in Windows applications, and executing R remotely
Embedding R in Windows applications, and executing R remotely
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Distributions of f<strong>in</strong>ite <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>f<strong>in</strong>ite quadratic<br />
forms <strong>in</strong> R<br />
Christian Kleiber<br />
Universität Dortmund, Fachbereich Statistik<br />
Vogelpothsweg 78<br />
D-44227 Dortmund, Germany<br />
kleiber@statistik.uni-dortmund.de<br />
Distributions of quadratic forms <strong>in</strong> normal r<strong>and</strong>om variables, or equivalently,<br />
distributions of weighted sums of χ 2 r<strong>and</strong>om variables, arise <strong>in</strong> a number of<br />
situations.<br />
Distributions of f<strong>in</strong>ite quadratic forms occur <strong>in</strong> connection with power <strong>and</strong><br />
robustness studies <strong>in</strong> the l<strong>in</strong>ear model, for example when one is <strong>in</strong>terested<br />
<strong>in</strong> the size of the F test when disturbances are nonspherical. They are also<br />
encountered <strong>in</strong> connection with the determ<strong>in</strong>ation of exact critical values for<br />
certa<strong>in</strong> tests, a prom<strong>in</strong>ent example is the Durb<strong>in</strong>-Watson test.<br />
Distributions of <strong>in</strong>f<strong>in</strong>ite quadratic forms arise <strong>in</strong> diagnostic check<strong>in</strong>g of l<strong>in</strong>ear<br />
models, for <strong>in</strong>stance <strong>in</strong> test<strong>in</strong>g for structural change aga<strong>in</strong>st r<strong>and</strong>om coefficient<br />
alternatives, <strong>and</strong> also <strong>in</strong> test<strong>in</strong>g for stationarity aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>in</strong>tegrated<br />
alternatives <strong>in</strong> time series econometrics. Further <strong>applications</strong> <strong>in</strong>clude goodness<br />
of fit tests, for example the Cramér-von Mises <strong>and</strong> Anderson-Darl<strong>in</strong>g<br />
statistics.<br />
We provide R functions for the evaluation of the CDF of these distributions.<br />
Users may choose between two rout<strong>in</strong>es: (i) the numerical method of<br />
Imhof (Biometrika, 1961) <strong>and</strong> (ii) the saddlepo<strong>in</strong>t approximation of Kuonen<br />
(Biometrika, 1999). Procedures for the computation of power functions of<br />
some diagnostic tests <strong>in</strong> the l<strong>in</strong>ear model will be made available <strong>in</strong> a forthcom<strong>in</strong>g<br />
version of the R package lmtest.