Tsunami evacuation: Lessons from the Great East Japan earthquake ...

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BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCE Fraser, S.; Leonard, G.S.; Matsuo, I. and Murakami, H. 2012. Tsunami evacuation: Lessons from the Great East Japan earthquake and tsunami of March 11 th 2011, GNS Science Report 2012/17. 89 p. S. Fraser, GNS Science/Massey University Joint Centre for Disaster Research, PO Box 756, Wellington, New Zealand G.S. Leonard, GNS Science, PO Box 30368, Lower Hutt I. Matsuo, Crisis and Environment Management Policy Institute (CeMI), 1-22-505 Wakaba, Shinjyuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0011, Japan. H Murakami, Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yamaguchi University, Tokiwadai, Ube 755-8611, Japan. © Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences Limited, 2012 ISSN 1177-2425 ISBN 978-0-478-19897-3 i
2012 CONTENTS ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................ VII KEYWORDS ......................................................................................................................... VIII 1.0 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background to the event ................................................................................... 1 1.2 Goals, methodology and report structure ......................................................... 3 1.3 Interviews .......................................................................................................... 4 1.4 Tsunami preparedness in the Tōhoku region of Japan .................................... 6 1.4.1 Previous events and hazard estimation ................................................ 6 1.4.2 Hazard estimation and mapping ........................................................... 6 1.4.3 Education and evacuation exercises .................................................... 7 1.4.4 Earthquake early warning system and rapid official tsunami warnings . 7 1.4.5 Coastal defences .................................................................................. 8 1.5 Tsunami preparedness in the State of Washington and New Zealand ............. 8 1.5.1 Washington ........................................................................................... 8 1.5.2 New Zealand ....................................................................................... 11 2.0 INTERVIEW OUTCOMES .......................................................................................... 13 2.1 Community involvement in evacuation planning and preparedness ............... 13 2.2 Hazard/evacuation maps and signs ................................................................ 14 2.2.1 Hazard/evacuation maps .................................................................... 14 2.2.2 Hazard/evacuation signs ..................................................................... 20 2.3 Response to natural and informal tsunami warnings ...................................... 25 2.3.1 Natural warnings ................................................................................. 25 2.3.2 Informal warnings ................................................................................ 27 2.4 Formal warning messages and systems ........................................................ 28 2.4.1 Warning messages ............................................................................. 28 2.4.2 Warning systems ................................................................................ 29 2.5 Movements during and after evacuation ......................................................... 30 2.5.1 Delayed evacuation or non-evacuation ............................................... 30 2.5.2 Use of motor vehicles during evacuation ............................................ 32 2.5.3 Use of boats during evacuation .......................................................... 34 2.5.4 Schools evacuation ............................................................................. 34 2.5.5 Necessary relocation from evacuation refuges ................................... 35 2.5.6 Leaving evacuation refuges too early ................................................. 35 2.6 Impacts of coastal defence on warning response and evacuation ................. 36 2.7 Vertical evacuation buildings .......................................................................... 37 2.7.1 Building specification and levels of damage ....................................... 38 2.7.2 Observed examples of vertical evacuation buildings .......................... 38 2.7.3 Community engagement ..................................................................... 51 2.7.4 Evacuation building signage ............................................................... 51 2.7.5 Owner agreement ............................................................................... 52 2.7.6 24-hour access ................................................................................... 52 2.7.7 Evacuee Welfare ................................................................................. 53 3.0 RECOMMENDATIONS .............................................................................................. 54 3.1 Community involvement in evacuation planning and preparedness ............... 54 3.2 Hazard/evacuation maps and signs ................................................................ 54 3.2.1 Maps ................................................................................................... 54 3.2.2 Hazard/evacuation signs ..................................................................... 55 3.3 Response to natural and informal tsunami warnings ...................................... 55 3.4 Formal warning messages and systems ........................................................ 56 3.4.1 Warning messages ............................................................................. 56 3.4.2 Warning systems ................................................................................ 57 GNS Science Report 2012/17 ii
Page 1: Tsunami evacuation: Lessons from th
Page 5 and 6: 2012 Figure 18 Tsunami evacuation r
Page 7 and 8: 2012 TABLES Table 1 Human perceptio
Page 9 and 10: 2012 congestion in some areas, when
Page 11 and 12: 2012 Table 1 Human perception and i
Page 13 and 14: 2012 • Factors affecting emergenc
Page 15 and 16: 2012 1.4 Tsunami preparedness in th
Page 17 and 18: 2012 Municipality governments are t
Page 19 and 20: 2012 Figure 2 Excerpt from the tsun
Page 21 and 22: 2012 Currently there are no early w
Page 23 and 24: 2012 project, in which the communit
Page 25 and 26: 2012 Figure 8 Extract from Tarō ts
Page 27 and 28: 2012 Figure 11 Excerpt from Kesennu
Page 29 and 30: 2012 Figure 14 Natori City hazard m
Page 31 and 32: 2012 Figure 21 A sign in Matsushima
Page 33 and 34: 2012 location in the 1960 Chile tsu
Page 35 and 36: 2012 when an earthquake occurs or w
Page 37 and 38: 2012 “Warnings from friends, othe
Page 39 and 40: 2012 The original broadcast point o
Page 41 and 42: 2012 Figure 33 Building damage and
Page 43 and 44: 2012 vehicle, drive as far as possi
Page 45 and 46: 2012 people who had stayed at high
Page 47 and 48: 2012 Section 2.1 introduces the Pro
Page 49 and 50: 2012 Figure 37 The Hotel Horaikan a
Page 51 and 52: 2012 structures that met the 2005 g
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2012 Figure 49 The large open car p
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2012 Following experiences of March
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2012 There was widespread use of bu
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2012 Figure 64 Locations of designa
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2012 Figure 68 Official vertical ev
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2012 3.0 RECOMMENDATIONS This secti
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2012 Communications channels can be
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2012 Motivating people not to use v
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2012 Where ‘hard’ defences are
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2012 3.8 Additional recommendations
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2012 International Tsunami Informat
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2012 Ozaki, T. (2011). Outline of t
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2012 APPENDICES APPENDIX 1 INTERVIE
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2012 APPENDIX 2 INTERVIEW QUESTIONS
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2012 12. 人々はどこに避
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2012 APPENDIX 3 SUMMARY OF KEY POIN
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2012 Earthquake and tsunami Tarō T
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2012 APPENDIX 4 SUMMARY OF VERTICAL
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2012 City/town Building Constructio
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Principal Location Other Locations
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