WP3: Rail Passenger Transport - TOSCA Project

CONTENTS
CONTENTS
ABBREVIATIONS AND DEFINITIONS
ABSTRACT 1
1. INTRODUCTION 3
2. REFERENCE SYSTEMS CHARACTERISTICS 4
3 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT 6
3.1 General 6
3.2 Technology trajectories 7
3.3 Technology descriptions 8
3.4 Incremental improvements and higher speed 12
3.5 Technology scenarios to be further considered and investigated 13
4. CONSTRAINTS FOR REDUCING GHG EMISSIONS 16
5. RESULTS 18
5.1 Technology readiness and R&D requirements 18
5.2 Energy and GHG emissions 19
5.3 Cost for reducing GHG emissions 24
5.4 Scalability 30
5.5 Social acceptability 31
5.6 User acceptability 32
6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 34
6.1 Summary 34
- Low-GHG electricity 34
- Eco-driving 35
- Space efficiency 35
- Energy recovery 35
- Low-drag 36
- Low-mass 36
- Incremental improvements 36
- Combination of measures 37
- Higher speeds and combinations 37
- Incentives needed 37
6.2 Conclusions 37
REFERENCES 39
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Deliverable D4 – WP3
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