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8 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Oc. Papers PAGE Family 7. Hylid;e 110 13. Hyla 110 arenicolor (Sonoran Tree-toad) 110 regilla (Pacific Tree-toad) 113 14. Pseudacris 118 triseriata (Western Marsh Frog) 118 Family 8. Ranid^ 120 15. Rana 120 pipiens (Leopard Frog) 121 onca (Nevada Frog) 126 aurora aurora (Western Wood Frog) 127 draytonii (California Red-legged Frog). 129 cantabrigensis (Northern Wood Frog) 132 pretiosa (Western Spotted Frog) 133 boylii boylii (California Yellow-legged Frog) 136 sierrae (Sierra Nevada Yellow-legged Frog). ...139 muscosa (Southern Yellow-legged Frog) 140 catesbeiana (Bullfrog) 142 INDEX 145
THE AMPHIBIANS OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA INTRODUCTION The amphibians form a group of vertebrates often popularly confused with the reptiles. The superficial resemblance between salamanders and lizards may be very great, yet such real differences exist between amphibians and reptiles that zoologists regard them as belonging to distinct classes, groups as different as mammals, birds and fishes. As Dr. Gadow says: "A Bird is known by its feathers, a Beast by its hairs, a Fish by its fins, but there is no such obvious feature which characterises the Amphibia and the Reptiles. In fact they are neither fish, flesh nor fowl." Most amphibians lay their eggs in water, and the young, for a time, breathe by means of gills. After a metamorphosis, during which the gills and other larval characteristics disappear, the young assume the form and structure of the adults and leave the water to spend a greater or less portion of their lives on land. Reptiles never lay their eggs in water, and their young are hatched or born with the form and structure of their parents. The skin of our amphibians often is moist or slimy, and is not covered with scales. Many embryological and anatomical differences between amphibians and reptiles exist but need not be stated here. Synopsis of Classes a.— Anal opening longitudinal or round; skin smooth or warty, without scales; no claws.* (Frogs, toads, salamanders, — newts, waterdogs, tadpoles, etc.) Amphibia. p. a^— 21 Anal opening tranverse or round ; skin furnished with scales (varying from large plates to minute granules) ; or, if skin smooth, tail and claws present and jaws without teeth. (Turtles, lizards, snakes, etc.) Reptilia. The amphibians of western North America are not very numerous. They represent two orders, the tailed amphibians or Caudata, and *Tlps of digits sometimes horny.
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