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52 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Oc. Pafers Remarks.— This species and E. croceater are closely related. They have the same general proportions, the same number of costal grooves, and similar ground color, but differ in the yellow or orange spots or blotches which are present in E. croceater but not in E. eschscholtzii. Some individuals of E. croceater have the ground color relieved only by a number of small dots less than a millimeter in diameter. Should these spots ever be entirely absent in E. croceater the specimen involved doubtless would be referred to E. eschscholtzii. I am by no means certain that this has not been done in the case of our single specimen from Strawberry Valley, El Dorado County, which appears to be a typical E. eschscholtzii. Large series are needed to answer this question. Until these are secured these unspotted salamanders must be referred to E. eschscholtzii. Distribution.— This salamander is known to occur from Washington to southern California. Washington specimens are from Thurston (Tenino), Mason (Skokomish River Valley, Lake Cushman), Chehalis (Quiniault, Hoquiam), Snohomish (Monroe), King (Seattle), and Pacific (South Bend), counties. In Oregon, it has been secured in Multnomah (Portland), Coos (Marshfield), Yamhill (McMinnville), and Curry (Port Orford, Harbor), counties. In California, it is chiefly confined to the moist coast region but, subject to the above remarks, has been found also in the Sierra Nevada. It has been collected in Del Norte (Smith River, Requa, Castle Rock three miles north from Crescent City, Whale Rock in Crescent City Harbor), Siskiyou (Shasta), Shasta (Sweet Briar), Mendocino (Mendocino, Cahto, Comptche), Sonoma (Agua Caliente, Duncan Mills, Camp Meeker, Petaluma), Marin (Big Carson Creek, Tocaloma, Phoenix Gulch, Sausalito, Fort Baker, Point Bonita, Muir Woods, Mill Valley, Mount Tamalpais, Lagunitas), Alameda (Oakland, Berkeley) San Francisco (San Francisco), San Mateo (Redwood City), Santa Clara (Stanford University, Stevens Creek Canyon, Alum Rock, Los Gatos), Santa Cruz (Big Trees), Monterey (Monterey, Pacific Grove, Carmel), El Dorado (Strawberry Valley), Los Angeles (Topanga Canyon, Sierra Madre, Palmer's Canyon, Los Angeles), and San Bernardino (Forest Home at 5,200 feet in the San Bernardino Mountains, 10 miles N.W. from San Bernardino), counties.
No. 16] AMPHIBIANS OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA 53 Habits.— This salamander usually is found under rocks, boards, logs, etc., in damp situations. It is probably nocturnal, for it seldom if ever is found out in the daytime. Van Denburgh (Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc, XXXVII, 1898, p. 140), Hubbard (Univ. Calif. Pubi. Zool., I, 1903, p. 157), and Esterly (Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., I, 1904, p. 227) have given excellent accounts of their observations upon this species. Ensatina croceater (Cope) Sierra Salamander Plate 8, figure 2 Plethodon croceater Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, p. 210 (type locality, "Fort Tejon", California [?]); Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1869, p. 100; Strauch, Mem. Acad. Imper, Sci. St. Petersb., Ser. 7, XVI, No. 4, 1870, p. 70; Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 1, 1875, pp. 27, 92; Smith, The Tailed Amphibians including the Cascilians, 1877, p. 68; Lockington, Amer. Naturalist, XIV, 1880, p. 295; Boulenger, Cat. Batrach. Grad. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 55; Yarrow, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, p. 192; Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 32, 1887, p. 9; Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 34, 1889, p. 150; Van Denburgh, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, V, 1895, p. 561; Van Denburgh, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, VI, No. 7, 1916. p. 220; Grinnell & Camp, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., XVII, No. 10, 1917, p. 132; Stejneger & Barbour, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Kept., 1917, p. 14; Nei^son, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci., XVI, 1921, p. 113; Schmidt, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XLVI, Art. XI, 1922, pp. 612, 615, 632. Ensatina croceater Stejneger & Barbour, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Kept., 1923, p. 12; Pratt, Verteb. Animals of the U. S., 1923, p. 160; Dunn, Proc. New England Zool. Club, VII, 1923. p. 39; Dunn, Copeia, 1924, No. 133, p. 76; Storer. Univ. Calif. Publ, Zool., XXVII, 1925, p. 104; Dunn, Anniv. Pubis. Smith College, 1926, p. 185; Klauber, Zool. Soc. San Diego, Bull. No. 3, 1927, p. 2. Description. — General form rather stout and thick-set, limbs stout and well developed, tail strongly compressed distally. Head somewhat depressed, about width of widest part of body. Snout rounded or truncate when seen from above, rounded and overhanging in profile. Eyes large and prominent, separated anteriorly bv nearly twice the length of the orbital slit. Nostrils small, near corners of snout, separated by their distance from pupil. A nasolabial groove descending to margin of lip, where it sometimes forks. Line of lip nearly straight, but descending slightly below corner of snout and behind eye. Vomerine teeth in two curved series, beginning September 15, 1928
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Occasional Papers OF THE CALIFORNIA
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To the memory of JOHN VAN DENBURGH
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CONTENTS PAGE INTRODUCTION 9 Synops
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THE AMPHIBIANS OF WESTERN NORTH AME
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