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82 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Oc. Fafbrs the brush into a small pool about four feet wide, five or six feet long, and two or three feet deep. It swam for a few seconds, just as a toad does; and when I attempted to catch it with my forceps, it went to the bottom and settled just like a frog, remaining perfectly motionless, its color blending with the color of the rocks and earth at the bottom of the pool. The second one I noticed in the same place, and I first saw it swimming about the middle of the pool just as I stepped down on the bank. While I was attempting to capture this individual a third one jumped into the pool from the bank directly opposite me and went straight to the bottom. I collected both of these, but a careful search and beating of brush in the vicinity failed to discover any more. All three were kept in a tin can, well punctured for ventilation, but they died within ten or twelve hours after capture. A letter from Mr. Phillip Putnam, dated August 29, 1921, says: "When I went up the Skokomish River, I expected to get a lot of Ascaphus, but my first day's collecting yielded me only two specimens. I was at a loss to understand such poor luck, but a few days before we had a heavy rain, sopping the forests so that they reeked with water. I thought that the frogs might for the wet mossy have forsaken the creek soil. Further examination showed that the Ascaphus had left the creeks and were wandering about on land. I found four away from the water, ojie of which had not begun to absorb the tail, and was over 100 feet from the water. However, to collect the frogs in the forest was very difficult, as it was too much like looking for a 'needle in a hay stack'. I have always had the best luck collecting during a long drv spell. Now I know the reason to be that when it is wet, what few of them there are leave the water, and during a dry spell, lack of moisture forces them back again to the water." Distribution.— Ascaphus truei has been found in Washington, Oregon, and California. In Washington, it has been taken in King (at 2,000 feet in the Cascade Mountains near North Bend), Pierce (Mount Rainier in Paradise Valley and at 6,000 feet in Indian Henry's Hunting Grounds), Jefferson (Mount Steele). Mason (vicinity of Lake Cushman, Mount Rose, Olympic Mountains, Laundry Creek, Big Log Ranger Station. McTaggart Creek. Mount Ellinor Creek, Skokomish River Valley), and Chehalis ( Humptulips), counties. In Oregon, it has been secured at 3.000 feet, on Red Creek, in the Santiam National Forest. Linn Countv.
No. 16] AMPHIBIANS OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA g3 The only California record is of a specimen in the U. S. National Museum, caught at 5,000 feet altitude, on Craggy Peak, Siskiyou Mountains, Siskiyou County. Suborder III. LINGUATA It is to this suborder that most of the tailless amphibians belong. Those of western North America are referred to four families which include respectively the spade-foot toads, the true toads, the tree toads, and the frogs. Family 5. SCAPHIOPODID/E The members of this family have no ribs. , The sternum is archiferous. The vertebrae usually are procoelous. Teeth are present in the upper jaw. The tongue is rounded, slightly notched and free behind. The pupil is vertically eliptic. A single genus represents this family in North America. Genus 11. Scaphiopus Scaphiopus Holbkook, N. Amer. Herpetology, Ed. 1, I, 1836, p. 85 (type, solitarius^^holbrooki) . Spea Cope, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Ser. 2, VI, 1866, p. 81 (type, Scaphiopus homhifrons) . In this genus the skin may be smooth or roughened with tubercles. Parotoids may be present but are lacking in our western species. The toes are extensively webbed. The vertebrae are procoelous. The sacrum and coccyx are united. The metatarsum is a cartilaginous plate. There is a large metatarsal, horny scraper or shovel. Synopsis of Species a.— Smaller; snout more truncate in profile; often with two or four light, longitudinal, dorsal bands on a darker ground S. hammondii.— p. 84 a.'— Larger; snout rounded in profile; color dark; more rugose, usually reticulated with black S. couchii. — p. 87
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Occasional Papers OF THE CALIFORNIA
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To the memory of JOHN VAN DENBURGH
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CONTENTS PAGE INTRODUCTION 9 Synops
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No. 16] AMPHIBIANS OF WESTERN NORTH
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THE AMPHIBIANS OF WESTERN NORTH AME
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No. IS] AMPHIBIANS OF WESTERN NORTH
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No. 161 AMHHIBIANS OF WasTERN NORTH
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no. 16] amphibians of western north
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TRUSTEES, OFFICERS, COUNCIL AND MUS
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