Object-oriented Software in Ada 95

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xii Contents 23.6.3 The specification for the class Window ...............................................................................................341 23.6.4 Implementation of the class Window....................................................................................................343 23.7 THE CLASS DIALOG...........................................................................................................................................348 23.7.1 Implementation of the class Dialog....................................................................................................349 23.8 THE CLASS MENU ...............................................................................................................................................350 23.8.1 Implementation of the class Menu.........................................................................................................352 23.9 THE CLASS MENU_TITLE.................................................................................................................................354 23.9.1 Implementation of the class Menu_title.........................................................................................354 23.10 SELF-ASSESSMENT ......................................................................................................................................355 23.11 EXERCISES ......................................................................................................................................................355 24 SCOPE OF DECLARED OBJECTS .................................................................................................. 357 24.1 NESTED PROCEDURES .....................................................................................................................................357 24.1.1 Advantages of using nested procedures................................................................................................359 24.1.2 Introducing a new lexical level in a procedure or function...............................................................359 24.1.3 Holes in visibility ......................................................................................................................................359 24.1.4 Consequences of lexical levels................................................................................................................359 24.2 SELF-ASSESSMENT ...........................................................................................................................................360 25 MIXED LANGUAGE PROGRAMMING......................................................................................... 361 25.1 LINKING TO OTHER CODE..............................................................................................................................361 25.2 SELECTED TYPES AND FUNCTIONS FROM INTERFACES.C...................................................................361 25.2.1 Integer, character and floating point types..........................................................................................361 25.2.2 C String type ..............................................................................................................................................361 25.2.3 Selected functions......................................................................................................................................361 25.3 AN ADA PROGRAM CALLING A C FUNCTION...........................................................................................362 25.3.1 Another example .......................................................................................................................................363 25.4 AN ADA PACKAGE IN C...................................................................................................................................363 25.5 LINKING TO FORTRAN AND COBOL CODE.............................................................................................365 APPENDIX A: THE MAIN LANGUAGE FEATURES OF ADA 95..................................................... 366 SIMPLE OBJECT DECLARATIONS...............................................................................................................................366 ARRAY DECLARATION .................................................................................................................................................366 TYPE AND SUBTYPE DECLARATIONS.......................................................................................................................366 ENUMERATION DECLARATION ..................................................................................................................................366 SIMPLE STATEMENTS....................................................................................................................................................366 BLOCK................................................................................................................................................................................366 SELECTION STATEMENTS............................................................................................................................................366 LOOPING STATEMENTS................................................................................................................................................367 ARITHMETIC OPERATORS............................................................................................................................................367 CONDITIONAL EXPRESSIONS......................................................................................................................................367 EXITS FROM LOOPS .......................................................................................................................................................367 CLASS DECLARATION AND IMPLEMENTATION ....................................................................................................368 INHERITANCE..................................................................................................................................................................368 PROGRAM DELAY...........................................................................................................................................................369 TASK ..................................................................................................................................................................................369 COMMUNICATION WITH A TASK...............................................................................................................................369 RENDEZVOUS ..................................................................................................................................................................369 PROTECTED TYPE...........................................................................................................................................................370 APPENDIX B: COMPONENTS OF ADA..................................................................................................... 371 B.1 RESERVED WORDS AND OPERATORS IN ADA 95...........................................................................................371 B.1.1 Reserved words..........................................................................................................................................371 B.1.2 Operators....................................................................................................................................................371 B.2 ATTRIBUTES OF OBJECTS AND TYPES ..............................................................................................................371 B.2.1 Scalar objects ............................................................................................................................................371 B.2.2 Array objects and types............................................................................................................................371 © M A Smith - May not be reproduced without permission
Contents xiii B.2.3 Scalar objects and types ..........................................................................................................................372 B.2.4 Discrete objects .........................................................................................................................................372 B.2.5 Task objects and types..............................................................................................................................372 B.2.6 Floating point objects and types ............................................................................................................372 B.3 LITERALS IN ADA ...................................................................................................................................................373 B.4 OPERATORS IN ADA 95..........................................................................................................................................373 B.4.1 Priority of operators from high to low..................................................................................................374 B.5 ADA TYPE HIERARCHY.........................................................................................................................................374 B.6 IMPLEMENTATION REQUIREMENTS OF STANDARD TYPES........................................................................375 B.7 EXCEPTIONS.............................................................................................................................................................375 B.7.1 Pre-defined exceptions.............................................................................................................................375 B.7.2 I/O exceptions............................................................................................................................................376 B.8 ADA 95, THE STRUCTURE.....................................................................................................................................376 B.9 SOURCES OF INFORMATION ................................................................................................................................376 B.8.1 Copies of the Ada 95 compiler................................................................................................................376 B.8.2 Ada information on the World Wide Web .............................................................................................377 B.8.3 News groups...............................................................................................................................................377 B.8.4 CD ROMs....................................................................................................................................................377 B.8.5 Additional information on this book ......................................................................................................377 APPENDIX C: LIBRARY FUNCTIONS AND PACKAGES................................................................... 378 C.1 GENERIC FUNCTION UNCHECKED_CONVERSION..............................................................................................378 C.2 GENERIC FUNCTION UNCHECKED_DEALLOCATION.........................................................................................378 C.4 THE PACKAGE STANDARD ..................................................................................................................................378 C.5 THE PACKAGE ADA.TEXT_IO .............................................................................................................................382 C.6 THE PACKAGE ADA.SEQUENTIAL_IO...............................................................................................................389 C.7 THE PACKAGE ADA.CHARACTERS.HANDLING................................................................................................390 C.8 THE PACKAGE ADA.STRINGS.BOUNDED..........................................................................................................391 C.9 THE PACKAGE INTERFACES.C ...........................................................................................................................397 C.10 THE PACKAGE ADA.NUMERICS .........................................................................................................................399 C.11 THE PACKAGE ADA .NUMERICS.GENERIC_ELEMENTARY_FUNCTIONS...............................................399 C.12 THE PACKAGE ADA.COMMAND_LINE ...............................................................................................................400 C.13 THE PACKAGE ADA.FINALIZATION................................................................................................................400 C.14 THE PACKAGE ADA.TAGS...................................................................................................................................401 C.15 THE PACKAGE ADA.CALENDAR .........................................................................................................................401 C.16 THE PACKAGE SYSTEM........................................................................................................................................402 APPENDIX D: ANSWERS TO SELECTED EXERCISES ...................................................................... 404 FROM CHAPTER 2...........................................................................................................................................................404 FROM CHAPTER 3...........................................................................................................................................................405 FROM CHAPTER 4...........................................................................................................................................................407 FROM CHAPTER 5...........................................................................................................................................................408 FROM CHAPTER 6...........................................................................................................................................................410 FROM CHAPTER 9...........................................................................................................................................................411 FROM CHAPTER 13 .........................................................................................................................................................413 FROM CHAPTER 14 .........................................................................................................................................................415 FROM CHAPTER 19 .........................................................................................................................................................417 REFERENCES ....................................................................................................................................................... 419 26 INDEX.......................................................................................................................................................... 420
Page 1: Reproduction prohibited without per
Page 4 and 5: Contents CONTENTS .................
Page 6 and 7: vi Contents 4.21 EXERCISES.........
Page 8 and 9: viii Contents 10.1 INTRODUCTION ...
Page 10 and 11: x Contents 16.8.1 Converting a base
Page 14 and 15: Preface This book is aimed at stude
Page 16 and 17: xvi Actual parameter Preface The ph
Page 18 and 19: xviii Elaboration Preface At run-ti
Page 20 and 21: xx Object Preface An instance of a
Page 23 and 24: 1 Introduction to programming 1 Int
Page 25 and 26: Introduction to programming 3 they
Page 27 and 28: Introduction to programming 5 • T
Page 29 and 30: Introduction to programming 7 The s
Page 31 and 32: Introduction to programming 9 Line
Page 33 and 34: Introduction to programming 11 Cost
Page 35 and 36: Introduction to programming 13 In t
Page 37 and 38: Introduction to programming 15 For
Page 39 and 40: Introduction to programming 17 •
Page 41 and 42: Software design 19 In software the
Page 43 and 44: Software design 21 2.4 The class In
Page 45 and 46: Software design 23 Inheritance diag
Page 47 and 48: 25 Ada introduction: Part 1 3 Ada i
Page 49 and 50: Ada introduction: Part 1 27 3.3.2 C
Page 51 and 52: Ada introduction: Part 1 29 can be
Page 53 and 54: Ada introduction: Part 1 31 with Ad
Page 55 and 56: Ada introduction: Part 1 33 To inpu
Page 57 and 58: Ada introduction: Part 1 35 Functio
Page 59 and 60: Ada introduction: Part 1 37 3.14 Ex
Page 61 and 62: Note: In reality the floating point
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Ada introduction: Part 2 41 4.4 Mod
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Ada introduction: Part 2 43 4.7.2 I
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Ada introduction: Part 2 45 For exa
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Ada introduction: Part 2 47 When pe
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Ada introduction: Part 2 49 4.12 Co
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Ada introduction: Part 2 51 4.13.1
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Ada introduction: Part 2 53 Note 3
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Ada introduction: Part 2 55 if Ch i
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Ada introduction: Part 2 57 For exa
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Ada introduction: Part 2 59 type Mi
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Procedures and functions 61 The fun
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Procedures and functions 63 The maj
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Procedures and functions 65 Mode Al
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Procedures and functions 67 The pro
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Procedures and functions 69 5.8 Dif
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Procedures and functions 71 Note: T
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6 Packages as classes This chapter
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Packages as classes 75 6.3.1 An obj
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Packages as classes 77 package Clas
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Packages as classes 79 The body of
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Packages as classes 81 Thus without
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Packages as classes 83 6.9 Type pri
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Packages as classes 85 which when r
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Packages as classes 87 The Ada spec
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The main body of the program proces
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Packages as classes 91 The procedur
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Packages as classes 93 Construct th
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Data structures 95 This initializat
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Data structures 97 Then an assignme
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Data structures 99 In Ada a variant
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Data structures 101 7.10 Exercises
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which when combined with appropriat
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Arrays 105 with Ada.Text_Io, Class_
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Arrays 107 8.3.1 Putting it all tog
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Arrays 109 8.4.1 The class Board Th
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Arrays 111 8.4.4 The class Board Th
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Arrays 113 8.4.5 Putting it all tog
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Arrays 115 8.5.2 Attributes of mult
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Arrays 117 The following code would
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Arrays 119 This type is defined in
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Arrays 121 In the implementation of
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Arrays 123 The Ada specification of
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Arrays 125 The function valid check
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9 Case study: Design of a game This
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Case study: Design of a game 129 A
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Case study: Design of a game 131 Co
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Case study: Design of a game 133 Cu
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Case study: Design of a game 135 --
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The specification for the class Cel
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Case study: Design of a game 139 pr
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Case study: Design of a game 141 Th
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Case study: Design of a game 143 Th
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Case study: Design of a game 145 In
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10 Inheritance This chapter introdu
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Two instances of the class Interest
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Inheritance 151 The two classes Acc
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Inheritance 153 which when run, wou
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Inheritance 155 The specialization
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Inheritance 157 Note: The methods o
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Inheritance 159 10.7.1 Putting it a
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Inheritance 161 10.8.1 Implementati
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10.9 Hiding the base class methods
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Inheritance 165 • For an object o
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Exceptions 167 11.1.1 Putting it al
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Exceptions 169 11.3 Private child A
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12 Defining new operators This chap
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Exceptions 173 Using the above pack
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Exceptions 175 The function Rat_Con
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Exceptions 177 12.3.1 Overloading =
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Exceptions 179 The overloaded defin
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Exceptions 181 12.3.5 use type A mo
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13 Exceptions This chapter looks at
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Exceptions 185 Note: The object Eve
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Exceptions 187 A program to demonst
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Exceptions 189 package body Class_S
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14 Generics This chapter looks at g
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Exceptions 193 The above generic pr
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Exceptions 195 14.3 Generic stack T
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Exceptions 197 14.3.1 Putting it al
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Thus, an instantiation of a procedu
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Exceptions 201 14.5 Sorting Some of
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14.6.1 Putting it all together Exce
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Exceptions 205 An efficient impleme
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Exceptions 207 The implementation o
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15 Dynamic memory allocation This c
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Dynamic memory allocation 211 In a
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Dynamic memory allocation 213 One w
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Dynamic memory allocation 215 15.2.
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Dynamic memory allocation 217 The p
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Dynamic memory allocation 221 A ben
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15.7 Attributes 'Access and 'Unchec
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16 Polymorphism In the processes de
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Polymorphism 229 This can be implem
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Polymorphism 231 16.2.1 Putting it
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Polymorphism 233 Figure 16.3 Hetero
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Polymorphism 235 16.5 A building in
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Polymorphism 237 An example interac
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Polymorphism 239 The conversion fro
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Polymorphism 241 Screen Observed Ob
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Polymorphism 243 The method Add_Obs
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Polymorphism 245 The functions vali
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Polymorphism 247 The driver program
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17 Containers This chapter describe
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Containers 251 This mirrors closely
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Containers 253 will produce the fol
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Containers 255 When an instance of
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Containers 257 When the iterator Co
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Containers 259 In the implementatio
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Containers 261 A deep copy of this
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Containers 263 • If the objects o
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Containers 265 17.6.1 Ada specifica
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Containers 267 The procedure Adjust
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17.7 A set Containers 269 Using as
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Containers 271 17.7.1 Putting it al
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18 Input and output This chapter de
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Input and output 275 18.2 Reading a
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Input and output 277 Then the follo
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Input and output 279 18.5 Self-asse
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Persistence 281 A program to implem
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Persistence 283 with Ada.Strings.Un
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Persistence 285 The process to add
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Persistence 287 The procedure Add u
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20 Tasks This chapter describes the
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Tasks 291 The execution of the abov
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Tasks 293 Likewise, the task Task_I
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Tasks 295 20.4 Protected type In es
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Tasks 297 The implementation of the
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Tasks 299 to the entry prevents the
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Note: 20.7.1 Accept alternative Tas
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Tasks 303 the implementation of whi
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Tasks 305 • How can a task select
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System programming 307 21.1.1 Putti
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System programming 309 The followin
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22 A text user interface This chapt
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A Text user interface 313 Note: The
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A Text user interface 315 with Clas
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A Text user interface 317 Window_St
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A Text user interface 319 The follo
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A Text user interface 321 package C
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A Text user interface 323 with Clas
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A Text user interface 325 function
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A Text user interface 327 • What
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TUI the implementation 329 23.1.1 S
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TUI the implementation 331 package
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TUI the implementation 333 23.2.4 T
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TUI the implementation 335 with Ada
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TUI the implementation 337 The Inpu
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TUI the implementation 339 procedur
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TUI the implementation 341 New_Line
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TUI the implementation 343 private
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TUI the implementation 345 The proc
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TUI the implementation 349 with Pac
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TUI the implementation 351 Method S
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TUI the implementation 355 The proc
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24 Scope of declared objects This c
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Proc_2_2 Proc_1_1 Proc_2_1 Proc_2_2
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25 Mixed language programming This
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Mixed language programming 363 3 Tr
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Mixed language programming 365 /* *
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Appendix A 367 if Temp < 15 then Pu
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Appendix A 369 package body Class_I
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Appendix B: Components of Ada B.1 R
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T'Digits The decimal precision. Uni
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Appendix B 375 access enumeration E
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Appendix B 377 B.8.2Ada information
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Appendix C 379 package Standard is
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Appendix C 381 type Character is (n
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Appendix C 383 package Ada.IO_Excep
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Appendix C 385 --Specification of l
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Appendix C 387 procedure Get(File :
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Appendix C 389 procedure Get(Item :
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Appendix C 391 package Ada.Characte
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Appendix C 393 --Conversion, Concat
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Appendix C 395 return Natural; Goin
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Appendix C 397 Right : in Bounded_S
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Appendix C 399 Count : out size_t;
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Appendix C 401 C.14 The Package Ada
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Appendix C 403 --Storage-related De
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Appendix D 405 with Ada.Text_Io; us
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Appendix D 407 with Ada.Text_Io, Ad
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Appendix D 409 package Class_Perfor
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Appendix D 411 declare Kb : constan
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Appendix D 413 package body Class_B
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Appendix D 415 The instantiation of
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Appendix D 417 with Ada.Text_Io, Ad
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References Intermetrics (1995) Ada
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Index 421 'class, 233 Class attribu
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Index 423 + dyadic, 53 monadic, 54
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