Object-oriented Software in Ada 95

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176 Child libraries The function Image returns a string representing a rational number in canonical form. The strategy used is to use the inbuilt function Integer’Image to convert a number into a character string. However, as this leaves a leading space for the sign character an internal function Trim is provided to strip off the leading character from such a string. The nested function To_String delivers a string representation in canonical form of a positive rational number. By using a single case of recursion this function can deal with the case when a rational number is of the form “a b/c”. function Image( The:in Rational ) return String is Above : Integer := The.Above; Below : Integer := The.Below; function Trim( Str:in String ) return String is begin return Str( Str'First+1 .. Str'Last ); end Trim; function To_String( Above, Below : in Integer ) return String is begin if Above = 0 then --No fraction return ""; elsif Above >= Below then --Whole number return Trim( Integer'Image(Above/Below) ) & " " & To_String( Above rem below, Below ); else return Trim( Integer'Image( Above ) ) & "/" & Trim( Integer'Image( Below ) ); end if; end To_String; begin if Above = 0 then return "0"; --Zero elsif Above < 0 then return "-" & To_String( abs Above, Below ); ---ve else return To_String( Above, Below ); end if; end Image; end Class_Rational; 12.3 A bounded string class --+ve A partial solution to overcome the fixed size limitations of Ad strings is to use a discriminated record that can hold a string of any length up to a pre-defined maximum. The responsibilities of the class Bounded_String which holds a variable length string is as follows: Method Operator: & Operators: > >= <
Exceptions 177 12.3.1 Overloading = and /= The operators = and /= are provided automatically by the Ada system for comparing for equality or not equality. However, if a user redefines the = operator with a function that returns a Boolean value, the Ada system automatically provides the definition of /= as simply not =. If the operator = is overloaded by a function that returns a value other than a Boolean, then the user must explicitly provide an overload definition for /= if it is to be used. 12.3.2 Specification of the class Bounded_String The Ada specification of the class Bounded_String is shown below: package Class_Bounded_String is type Bounded_String is private; function To_Bounded_String(Str:in String) return Bounded_String; function To_String(The:in Bounded_String) return String; function "&" (F:in Bounded_String; S:in Bounded_String) return Bounded_String; function "&" (F:in Bounded_String; S:in String) return Bounded_String; function "&" (F:in String; S:in Bounded_String) return Bounded_String; function Slice( The:in Bounded_String; Low:in Positive; High:in Natural ) return String; function "=" ( F:in Bounded_String; S:in Bounded_String ) return Boolean; function ">" ( F:in Bounded_String; S:in Bounded_String ) return Boolean; function ">=" ( F:in Bounded_String; S:in Bounded_String ) return Boolean; function "
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Contents CONTENTS .................
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vi Contents 4.21 EXERCISES.........
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viii Contents 10.1 INTRODUCTION ...
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x Contents 16.8.1 Converting a base
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xii Contents 23.6.3 The specificati
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Preface This book is aimed at stude
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xvi Actual parameter Preface The ph
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xviii Elaboration Preface At run-ti
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xx Object Preface An instance of a
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1 Introduction to programming 1 Int
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Introduction to programming 3 they
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Introduction to programming 5 • T
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Introduction to programming 7 The s
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Introduction to programming 9 Line
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Introduction to programming 11 Cost
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Introduction to programming 13 In t
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Introduction to programming 15 For
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Introduction to programming 17 •
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Software design 19 In software the
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Software design 21 2.4 The class In
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Software design 23 Inheritance diag
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25 Ada introduction: Part 1 3 Ada i
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Ada introduction: Part 1 27 3.3.2 C
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Ada introduction: Part 1 29 can be
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Ada introduction: Part 1 31 with Ad
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Ada introduction: Part 1 33 To inpu
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Ada introduction: Part 1 35 Functio
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Ada introduction: Part 1 37 3.14 Ex
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Note: In reality the floating point
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Ada introduction: Part 2 41 4.4 Mod
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Ada introduction: Part 2 43 4.7.2 I
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Ada introduction: Part 2 45 For exa
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Ada introduction: Part 2 47 When pe
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Ada introduction: Part 2 49 4.12 Co
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Ada introduction: Part 2 51 4.13.1
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Ada introduction: Part 2 53 Note 3
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Ada introduction: Part 2 55 if Ch i
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Ada introduction: Part 2 57 For exa
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Ada introduction: Part 2 59 type Mi
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Procedures and functions 61 The fun
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Procedures and functions 63 The maj
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Procedures and functions 65 Mode Al
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Procedures and functions 67 The pro
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Procedures and functions 69 5.8 Dif
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Procedures and functions 71 Note: T
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6 Packages as classes This chapter
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Packages as classes 75 6.3.1 An obj
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Packages as classes 77 package Clas
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Packages as classes 79 The body of
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Packages as classes 81 Thus without
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Packages as classes 83 6.9 Type pri
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Packages as classes 85 which when r
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Packages as classes 87 The Ada spec
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The main body of the program proces
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Packages as classes 91 The procedur
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Packages as classes 93 Construct th
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Data structures 95 This initializat
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Data structures 97 Then an assignme
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Data structures 99 In Ada a variant
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Data structures 101 7.10 Exercises
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which when combined with appropriat
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Arrays 105 with Ada.Text_Io, Class_
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Arrays 107 8.3.1 Putting it all tog
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Arrays 109 8.4.1 The class Board Th
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Arrays 111 8.4.4 The class Board Th
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Arrays 113 8.4.5 Putting it all tog
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Arrays 115 8.5.2 Attributes of mult
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Arrays 117 The following code would
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Arrays 119 This type is defined in
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Arrays 121 In the implementation of
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Arrays 123 The Ada specification of
Page 147 and 148: Arrays 125 The function valid check
Page 149 and 150: 9 Case study: Design of a game This
Page 151 and 152: Case study: Design of a game 129 A
Page 153 and 154: Case study: Design of a game 131 Co
Page 155 and 156: Case study: Design of a game 133 Cu
Page 157 and 158: Case study: Design of a game 135 --
Page 159 and 160: The specification for the class Cel
Page 161 and 162: Case study: Design of a game 139 pr
Page 163 and 164: Case study: Design of a game 141 Th
Page 165 and 166: Case study: Design of a game 143 Th
Page 167 and 168: Case study: Design of a game 145 In
Page 169 and 170: 10 Inheritance This chapter introdu
Page 171 and 172: Two instances of the class Interest
Page 173 and 174: Inheritance 151 The two classes Acc
Page 175 and 176: Inheritance 153 which when run, wou
Page 177 and 178: Inheritance 155 The specialization
Page 179 and 180: Inheritance 157 Note: The methods o
Page 181 and 182: Inheritance 159 10.7.1 Putting it a
Page 183 and 184: Inheritance 161 10.8.1 Implementati
Page 185 and 186: 10.9 Hiding the base class methods
Page 187 and 188: Inheritance 165 • For an object o
Page 189 and 190: Exceptions 167 11.1.1 Putting it al
Page 191 and 192: Exceptions 169 11.3 Private child A
Page 193 and 194: 12 Defining new operators This chap
Page 195 and 196: Exceptions 173 Using the above pack
Page 197: Exceptions 175 The function Rat_Con
Page 201 and 202: Exceptions 179 The overloaded defin
Page 203 and 204: Exceptions 181 12.3.5 use type A mo
Page 205 and 206: 13 Exceptions This chapter looks at
Page 207 and 208: Exceptions 185 Note: The object Eve
Page 209 and 210: Exceptions 187 A program to demonst
Page 211 and 212: Exceptions 189 package body Class_S
Page 213 and 214: 14 Generics This chapter looks at g
Page 215 and 216: Exceptions 193 The above generic pr
Page 217 and 218: Exceptions 195 14.3 Generic stack T
Page 219 and 220: Exceptions 197 14.3.1 Putting it al
Page 221 and 222: Thus, an instantiation of a procedu
Page 223 and 224: Exceptions 201 14.5 Sorting Some of
Page 225 and 226: 14.6.1 Putting it all together Exce
Page 227 and 228: Exceptions 205 An efficient impleme
Page 229 and 230: Exceptions 207 The implementation o
Page 231 and 232: 15 Dynamic memory allocation This c
Page 233 and 234: Dynamic memory allocation 211 In a
Page 235 and 236: Dynamic memory allocation 213 One w
Page 237 and 238: Dynamic memory allocation 215 15.2.
Page 239 and 240: Dynamic memory allocation 217 The p
Page 243 and 244: Dynamic memory allocation 221 A ben
Page 247 and 248: 15.7 Attributes 'Access and 'Unchec
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16 Polymorphism In the processes de
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Polymorphism 229 This can be implem
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Polymorphism 231 16.2.1 Putting it
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Polymorphism 233 Figure 16.3 Hetero
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Polymorphism 235 16.5 A building in
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Polymorphism 237 An example interac
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Polymorphism 239 The conversion fro
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Polymorphism 241 Screen Observed Ob
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Polymorphism 243 The method Add_Obs
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Polymorphism 245 The functions vali
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Polymorphism 247 The driver program
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17 Containers This chapter describe
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Containers 251 This mirrors closely
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Containers 253 will produce the fol
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Containers 255 When an instance of
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Containers 257 When the iterator Co
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Containers 259 In the implementatio
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Containers 261 A deep copy of this
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Containers 263 • If the objects o
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Containers 265 17.6.1 Ada specifica
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Containers 267 The procedure Adjust
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17.7 A set Containers 269 Using as
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Containers 271 17.7.1 Putting it al
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18 Input and output This chapter de
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Input and output 275 18.2 Reading a
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Input and output 277 Then the follo
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Input and output 279 18.5 Self-asse
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Persistence 281 A program to implem
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Persistence 283 with Ada.Strings.Un
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Persistence 285 The process to add
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Persistence 287 The procedure Add u
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20 Tasks This chapter describes the
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Tasks 291 The execution of the abov
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Tasks 293 Likewise, the task Task_I
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Tasks 295 20.4 Protected type In es
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Tasks 297 The implementation of the
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Tasks 299 to the entry prevents the
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Note: 20.7.1 Accept alternative Tas
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Tasks 303 the implementation of whi
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Tasks 305 • How can a task select
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System programming 307 21.1.1 Putti
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System programming 309 The followin
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22 A text user interface This chapt
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A Text user interface 313 Note: The
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A Text user interface 315 with Clas
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A Text user interface 317 Window_St
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A Text user interface 319 The follo
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A Text user interface 321 package C
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A Text user interface 323 with Clas
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A Text user interface 325 function
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A Text user interface 327 • What
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TUI the implementation 329 23.1.1 S
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TUI the implementation 331 package
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TUI the implementation 333 23.2.4 T
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TUI the implementation 335 with Ada
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TUI the implementation 337 The Inpu
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TUI the implementation 339 procedur
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TUI the implementation 341 New_Line
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TUI the implementation 343 private
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TUI the implementation 345 The proc
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TUI the implementation 349 with Pac
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TUI the implementation 351 Method S
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TUI the implementation 355 The proc
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24 Scope of declared objects This c
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Proc_2_2 Proc_1_1 Proc_2_1 Proc_2_2
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25 Mixed language programming This
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Mixed language programming 363 3 Tr
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Mixed language programming 365 /* *
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Appendix A 367 if Temp < 15 then Pu
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Appendix A 369 package body Class_I
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Appendix B: Components of Ada B.1 R
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T'Digits The decimal precision. Uni
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Appendix B 375 access enumeration E
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Appendix B 377 B.8.2Ada information
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Appendix C 379 package Standard is
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Appendix C 381 type Character is (n
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Appendix C 383 package Ada.IO_Excep
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Appendix C 385 --Specification of l
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Appendix C 387 procedure Get(File :
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Appendix C 389 procedure Get(Item :
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Appendix C 391 package Ada.Characte
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Appendix C 393 --Conversion, Concat
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Appendix C 395 return Natural; Goin
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Appendix C 397 Right : in Bounded_S
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Appendix C 399 Count : out size_t;
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Appendix C 401 C.14 The Package Ada
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Appendix C 403 --Storage-related De
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Appendix D 405 with Ada.Text_Io; us
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Appendix D 407 with Ada.Text_Io, Ad
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Appendix D 409 package Class_Perfor
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Appendix D 411 declare Kb : constan
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Appendix D 413 package body Class_B
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Appendix D 415 The instantiation of
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Appendix D 417 with Ada.Text_Io, Ad
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References Intermetrics (1995) Ada
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Index 421 'class, 233 Class attribu
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Index 423 + dyadic, 53 monadic, 54
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