Object-oriented Software in Ada 95

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24 Software design • What classes do the following objects belong to? apartment cat crayon crystal dog guinea pig igloo house ink pen library mansion office block pencil rabbit sheep Identify which classes are subclassed from other classes? • Identify several objects and classes around you at the moment. Can you find responsibilities that any of the objects or classes have in common? © M A Smith - May not be reproduced without permission
25 Ada introduction: Part 1 3 Ada introduction: Part 1 This chapter looks at some simple Ada programs, and presents the basic control structures of the language. The data types Integer and Character are used to introduce these structures. 3.1 A first Ada program The first program presented is a simple one that writes the message ‘Hello World’ onto the user’s terminal. with Text_Io; use Text_Io; procedure Hello is begin Put("Hello World"); New_Line; end Hello; Note: The example programs in this book are shown with reserved words in bold to aid readability. As the name suggests, reserved words can only be used for their intended purpose. Strange error messages can occur when a reserved word is inadvertently used by the programmer as the name of an object in a program. Reserved words are entered as normal text when writing a program. Section B.1, Appendix B lists all the reserved words in the Ada programming language. When compiled and run, this program will display on a user’s terminal the message: Hello World In the above program, the reserved words begin and end are used to bracket the body of the procedure Hello. In Ada, a procedure can be a self-contained program unit that may be independently compiled. In the above example, the single procedure Hello forms a complete program that may be compiled and run by an appropriate Ada compiling system. The statement Put("Hello World"); is responsible for outputting the greeting to the terminal. Used in conjunction with New_Line, which outputs a new line character to the terminal, these procedures are defined and implemented by the library package Ada.Text_Io. Note: The end keyword is followed by the name of the procedure, in this example helloworld. The compiler checks for this to ensure that the procedure's extent agrees with the programmer’s view. One of the important concepts in Ada is the idea of encapsulating items together to form a package which may be re-used in other programs. The library package Ada.Text_Io is provided on Ada systems to allow the input and output of textual information to and from the user’s program. This library package is introduced to a procedure by means of the statements with Ada.Text_Io; use Ada.Text_Io; the details of which will be explained later. © M A Smith - May not be reproduced without permission
Page 1: Reproduction prohibited without per
Page 4 and 5: Contents CONTENTS .................
Page 6 and 7: vi Contents 4.21 EXERCISES.........
Page 8 and 9: viii Contents 10.1 INTRODUCTION ...
Page 10 and 11: x Contents 16.8.1 Converting a base
Page 12 and 13: xii Contents 23.6.3 The specificati
Page 14 and 15: Preface This book is aimed at stude
Page 16 and 17: xvi Actual parameter Preface The ph
Page 18 and 19: xviii Elaboration Preface At run-ti
Page 20 and 21: xx Object Preface An instance of a
Page 23 and 24: 1 Introduction to programming 1 Int
Page 25 and 26: Introduction to programming 3 they
Page 27 and 28: Introduction to programming 5 • T
Page 29 and 30: Introduction to programming 7 The s
Page 31 and 32: Introduction to programming 9 Line
Page 33 and 34: Introduction to programming 11 Cost
Page 35 and 36: Introduction to programming 13 In t
Page 37 and 38: Introduction to programming 15 For
Page 39 and 40: Introduction to programming 17 •
Page 41 and 42: Software design 19 In software the
Page 43 and 44: Software design 21 2.4 The class In
Page 45: Software design 23 Inheritance diag
Page 49 and 50: Ada introduction: Part 1 27 3.3.2 C
Page 51 and 52: Ada introduction: Part 1 29 can be
Page 53 and 54: Ada introduction: Part 1 31 with Ad
Page 55 and 56: Ada introduction: Part 1 33 To inpu
Page 57 and 58: Ada introduction: Part 1 35 Functio
Page 59 and 60: Ada introduction: Part 1 37 3.14 Ex
Page 61 and 62: Note: In reality the floating point
Page 63 and 64: Ada introduction: Part 2 41 4.4 Mod
Page 65 and 66: Ada introduction: Part 2 43 4.7.2 I
Page 67 and 68: Ada introduction: Part 2 45 For exa
Page 69 and 70: Ada introduction: Part 2 47 When pe
Page 71 and 72: Ada introduction: Part 2 49 4.12 Co
Page 73 and 74: Ada introduction: Part 2 51 4.13.1
Page 75 and 76: Ada introduction: Part 2 53 Note 3
Page 77 and 78: Ada introduction: Part 2 55 if Ch i
Page 79 and 80: Ada introduction: Part 2 57 For exa
Page 81 and 82: Ada introduction: Part 2 59 type Mi
Page 83 and 84: Procedures and functions 61 The fun
Page 85 and 86: Procedures and functions 63 The maj
Page 87 and 88: Procedures and functions 65 Mode Al
Page 89 and 90: Procedures and functions 67 The pro
Page 91 and 92: Procedures and functions 69 5.8 Dif
Page 93 and 94: Procedures and functions 71 Note: T
Page 95 and 96: 6 Packages as classes This chapter
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Packages as classes 75 6.3.1 An obj
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Packages as classes 77 package Clas
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Packages as classes 79 The body of
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Packages as classes 81 Thus without
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Packages as classes 83 6.9 Type pri
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Packages as classes 85 which when r
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Packages as classes 87 The Ada spec
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The main body of the program proces
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Packages as classes 91 The procedur
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Packages as classes 93 Construct th
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Data structures 95 This initializat
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Data structures 97 Then an assignme
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Data structures 99 In Ada a variant
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Data structures 101 7.10 Exercises
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which when combined with appropriat
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Arrays 105 with Ada.Text_Io, Class_
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Arrays 107 8.3.1 Putting it all tog
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Arrays 109 8.4.1 The class Board Th
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Arrays 111 8.4.4 The class Board Th
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Arrays 113 8.4.5 Putting it all tog
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Arrays 115 8.5.2 Attributes of mult
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Arrays 117 The following code would
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Arrays 119 This type is defined in
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Arrays 121 In the implementation of
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Arrays 123 The Ada specification of
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Arrays 125 The function valid check
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9 Case study: Design of a game This
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Case study: Design of a game 129 A
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Case study: Design of a game 131 Co
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Case study: Design of a game 133 Cu
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Case study: Design of a game 135 --
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The specification for the class Cel
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Case study: Design of a game 139 pr
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Case study: Design of a game 141 Th
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Case study: Design of a game 143 Th
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Case study: Design of a game 145 In
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10 Inheritance This chapter introdu
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Two instances of the class Interest
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Inheritance 151 The two classes Acc
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Inheritance 153 which when run, wou
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Inheritance 155 The specialization
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Inheritance 157 Note: The methods o
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Inheritance 159 10.7.1 Putting it a
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Inheritance 161 10.8.1 Implementati
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10.9 Hiding the base class methods
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Inheritance 165 • For an object o
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Exceptions 167 11.1.1 Putting it al
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Exceptions 169 11.3 Private child A
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12 Defining new operators This chap
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Exceptions 173 Using the above pack
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Exceptions 175 The function Rat_Con
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Exceptions 177 12.3.1 Overloading =
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Exceptions 179 The overloaded defin
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Exceptions 181 12.3.5 use type A mo
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13 Exceptions This chapter looks at
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Exceptions 185 Note: The object Eve
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Exceptions 187 A program to demonst
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Exceptions 189 package body Class_S
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14 Generics This chapter looks at g
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Exceptions 193 The above generic pr
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Exceptions 195 14.3 Generic stack T
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Exceptions 197 14.3.1 Putting it al
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Thus, an instantiation of a procedu
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Exceptions 201 14.5 Sorting Some of
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14.6.1 Putting it all together Exce
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Exceptions 205 An efficient impleme
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Exceptions 207 The implementation o
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15 Dynamic memory allocation This c
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Dynamic memory allocation 211 In a
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Dynamic memory allocation 213 One w
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Dynamic memory allocation 215 15.2.
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Dynamic memory allocation 217 The p
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Dynamic memory allocation 221 A ben
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15.7 Attributes 'Access and 'Unchec
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16 Polymorphism In the processes de
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Polymorphism 229 This can be implem
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Polymorphism 231 16.2.1 Putting it
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Polymorphism 233 Figure 16.3 Hetero
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Polymorphism 235 16.5 A building in
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Polymorphism 237 An example interac
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Polymorphism 239 The conversion fro
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Polymorphism 241 Screen Observed Ob
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Polymorphism 243 The method Add_Obs
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Polymorphism 245 The functions vali
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Polymorphism 247 The driver program
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17 Containers This chapter describe
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Containers 251 This mirrors closely
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Containers 253 will produce the fol
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Containers 255 When an instance of
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Containers 257 When the iterator Co
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Containers 259 In the implementatio
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Containers 261 A deep copy of this
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Containers 263 • If the objects o
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Containers 265 17.6.1 Ada specifica
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Containers 267 The procedure Adjust
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17.7 A set Containers 269 Using as
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Containers 271 17.7.1 Putting it al
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18 Input and output This chapter de
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Input and output 275 18.2 Reading a
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Input and output 277 Then the follo
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Input and output 279 18.5 Self-asse
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Persistence 281 A program to implem
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Persistence 283 with Ada.Strings.Un
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Persistence 285 The process to add
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Persistence 287 The procedure Add u
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20 Tasks This chapter describes the
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Tasks 291 The execution of the abov
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Tasks 293 Likewise, the task Task_I
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Tasks 295 20.4 Protected type In es
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Tasks 297 The implementation of the
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Tasks 299 to the entry prevents the
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Note: 20.7.1 Accept alternative Tas
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Tasks 303 the implementation of whi
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Tasks 305 • How can a task select
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System programming 307 21.1.1 Putti
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System programming 309 The followin
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22 A text user interface This chapt
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A Text user interface 313 Note: The
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A Text user interface 315 with Clas
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A Text user interface 317 Window_St
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A Text user interface 319 The follo
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A Text user interface 321 package C
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A Text user interface 323 with Clas
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A Text user interface 325 function
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A Text user interface 327 • What
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TUI the implementation 329 23.1.1 S
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TUI the implementation 331 package
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TUI the implementation 333 23.2.4 T
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TUI the implementation 335 with Ada
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TUI the implementation 337 The Inpu
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TUI the implementation 339 procedur
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TUI the implementation 341 New_Line
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TUI the implementation 343 private
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TUI the implementation 345 The proc
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TUI the implementation 349 with Pac
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TUI the implementation 351 Method S
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TUI the implementation 355 The proc
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24 Scope of declared objects This c
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Proc_2_2 Proc_1_1 Proc_2_1 Proc_2_2
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25 Mixed language programming This
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Mixed language programming 363 3 Tr
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Mixed language programming 365 /* *
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Appendix A 367 if Temp < 15 then Pu
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Appendix A 369 package body Class_I
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Appendix B: Components of Ada B.1 R
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T'Digits The decimal precision. Uni
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Appendix B 375 access enumeration E
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Appendix B 377 B.8.2Ada information
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Appendix C 379 package Standard is
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Appendix C 381 type Character is (n
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Appendix C 383 package Ada.IO_Excep
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Appendix C 385 --Specification of l
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Appendix C 387 procedure Get(File :
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Appendix C 389 procedure Get(Item :
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Appendix C 391 package Ada.Characte
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Appendix C 393 --Conversion, Concat
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Appendix C 395 return Natural; Goin
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Appendix C 397 Right : in Bounded_S
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Appendix C 399 Count : out size_t;
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Appendix C 401 C.14 The Package Ada
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Appendix C 403 --Storage-related De
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Appendix D 405 with Ada.Text_Io; us
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Appendix D 407 with Ada.Text_Io, Ad
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Appendix D 409 package Class_Perfor
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Appendix D 411 declare Kb : constan
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Appendix D 413 package body Class_B
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Appendix D 415 The instantiation of
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Appendix D 417 with Ada.Text_Io, Ad
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References Intermetrics (1995) Ada
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Index 421 'class, 233 Class attribu
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Index 423 + dyadic, 53 monadic, 54
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Object-oriented Software in Ada 95

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