Object-oriented Software in Ada 95

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72 Procedures and functions • Write a program that finds the average of three rainfall readings taken during the last 24 hours. The program should print the average of the samples plus the readings in ascending order. For example, if the input data was: 4.0 6.0 5.0 then the program should produce output of the form: Rainfall average is : 5.00 Data values (sorted) are : 4.00 5.00 6.00 © M A Smith - May not be reproduced without permission
6 Packages as classes This chapter introduces the package construct. A package is an elegant way of encapsulating code and data that interact together into a single unit. A package may be used in a variety of ways. This chapter, however, will promote its use to define classes. 6.1 Introduction The world in which we live is populated by many devices and machines that make everyday living easier and more enjoyable. The TV, for instance, is viewed by almost every person in the country, yet few understand exactly what happens inside ‘the box’. Likewise, there are many millions of motorists who drive regularly and do not need a detailed knowledge of the workings of a car to make effective use of it. To many people, their knowledge of a car is as shown in Figure 6.1. The exact details of what happens inside the car are not important for most day-to-day driving. In essence the world is populated with many objects which have an interface that allows the humblest of persons to make effective use of the item. We sometimes criticize the interfaces as being ineffective and difficult to use, yet in most cases we would prefer to use the objects as they stand, rather than having to perform the task by other means. Likewise in the software world, there are objects that a user or programmer can make effective use of without having to know how the object has been implemented. On a very simple level an Ada program may declare objects to hold floating point numbers, which can then be used with arithmetic operations to sum, multiply, etc. these values. Most programmers however, do not know the exact details of how these operations are performed; they accept the interface provided by the programming language. Engine etc. Accelerate Actions required to drive an automatic car. Brake Steer Figure 6.1 Basic understanding of working of an automatic car. The details of what happens inside the car are not important for most day-to-day driving. In essence the world is populated with many objects which have an interface that allows the humblest of persons to make effective use of the item. We sometimes criticize the interfaces as being ineffective and difficult to use, yet in most cases we would prefer to use the objects as they stand, rather than having to perform the task by other means. © M A Smith - May not be reproduced without permission
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Reproduction prohibited without per
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Contents CONTENTS .................
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vi Contents 4.21 EXERCISES.........
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viii Contents 10.1 INTRODUCTION ...
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x Contents 16.8.1 Converting a base
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xii Contents 23.6.3 The specificati
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Preface This book is aimed at stude
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xvi Actual parameter Preface The ph
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xviii Elaboration Preface At run-ti
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xx Object Preface An instance of a
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1 Introduction to programming 1 Int
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Introduction to programming 3 they
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Introduction to programming 5 • T
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Introduction to programming 7 The s
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Introduction to programming 9 Line
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Introduction to programming 11 Cost
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Introduction to programming 13 In t
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Introduction to programming 15 For
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Introduction to programming 17 •
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Software design 19 In software the
Page 43 and 44: Software design 21 2.4 The class In
Page 45 and 46: Software design 23 Inheritance diag
Page 47 and 48: 25 Ada introduction: Part 1 3 Ada i
Page 49 and 50: Ada introduction: Part 1 27 3.3.2 C
Page 51 and 52: Ada introduction: Part 1 29 can be
Page 53 and 54: Ada introduction: Part 1 31 with Ad
Page 55 and 56: Ada introduction: Part 1 33 To inpu
Page 57 and 58: Ada introduction: Part 1 35 Functio
Page 59 and 60: Ada introduction: Part 1 37 3.14 Ex
Page 61 and 62: Note: In reality the floating point
Page 63 and 64: Ada introduction: Part 2 41 4.4 Mod
Page 65 and 66: Ada introduction: Part 2 43 4.7.2 I
Page 67 and 68: Ada introduction: Part 2 45 For exa
Page 69 and 70: Ada introduction: Part 2 47 When pe
Page 71 and 72: Ada introduction: Part 2 49 4.12 Co
Page 73 and 74: Ada introduction: Part 2 51 4.13.1
Page 75 and 76: Ada introduction: Part 2 53 Note 3
Page 77 and 78: Ada introduction: Part 2 55 if Ch i
Page 79 and 80: Ada introduction: Part 2 57 For exa
Page 81 and 82: Ada introduction: Part 2 59 type Mi
Page 83 and 84: Procedures and functions 61 The fun
Page 85 and 86: Procedures and functions 63 The maj
Page 87 and 88: Procedures and functions 65 Mode Al
Page 89 and 90: Procedures and functions 67 The pro
Page 91 and 92: Procedures and functions 69 5.8 Dif
Page 93: Procedures and functions 71 Note: T
Page 97 and 98: Packages as classes 75 6.3.1 An obj
Page 99 and 100: Packages as classes 77 package Clas
Page 101 and 102: Packages as classes 79 The body of
Page 103 and 104: Packages as classes 81 Thus without
Page 105 and 106: Packages as classes 83 6.9 Type pri
Page 107 and 108: Packages as classes 85 which when r
Page 109 and 110: Packages as classes 87 The Ada spec
Page 111 and 112: The main body of the program proces
Page 113 and 114: Packages as classes 91 The procedur
Page 115 and 116: Packages as classes 93 Construct th
Page 117 and 118: Data structures 95 This initializat
Page 119 and 120: Data structures 97 Then an assignme
Page 121 and 122: Data structures 99 In Ada a variant
Page 123 and 124: Data structures 101 7.10 Exercises
Page 125 and 126: which when combined with appropriat
Page 127 and 128: Arrays 105 with Ada.Text_Io, Class_
Page 129 and 130: Arrays 107 8.3.1 Putting it all tog
Page 131 and 132: Arrays 109 8.4.1 The class Board Th
Page 133 and 134: Arrays 111 8.4.4 The class Board Th
Page 135 and 136: Arrays 113 8.4.5 Putting it all tog
Page 137 and 138: Arrays 115 8.5.2 Attributes of mult
Page 139 and 140: Arrays 117 The following code would
Page 141 and 142: Arrays 119 This type is defined in
Page 143 and 144: Arrays 121 In the implementation of
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Arrays 123 The Ada specification of
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Arrays 125 The function valid check
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9 Case study: Design of a game This
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Case study: Design of a game 129 A
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Case study: Design of a game 131 Co
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Case study: Design of a game 133 Cu
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Case study: Design of a game 135 --
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The specification for the class Cel
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Case study: Design of a game 139 pr
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Case study: Design of a game 141 Th
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Case study: Design of a game 143 Th
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Case study: Design of a game 145 In
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10 Inheritance This chapter introdu
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Two instances of the class Interest
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Inheritance 151 The two classes Acc
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Inheritance 153 which when run, wou
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Inheritance 155 The specialization
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Inheritance 157 Note: The methods o
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Inheritance 159 10.7.1 Putting it a
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Inheritance 161 10.8.1 Implementati
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10.9 Hiding the base class methods
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Inheritance 165 • For an object o
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Exceptions 167 11.1.1 Putting it al
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Exceptions 169 11.3 Private child A
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12 Defining new operators This chap
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Exceptions 173 Using the above pack
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Exceptions 175 The function Rat_Con
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Exceptions 177 12.3.1 Overloading =
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Exceptions 179 The overloaded defin
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Exceptions 181 12.3.5 use type A mo
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13 Exceptions This chapter looks at
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Exceptions 185 Note: The object Eve
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Exceptions 187 A program to demonst
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Exceptions 189 package body Class_S
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14 Generics This chapter looks at g
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Exceptions 193 The above generic pr
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Exceptions 195 14.3 Generic stack T
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Exceptions 197 14.3.1 Putting it al
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Thus, an instantiation of a procedu
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Exceptions 201 14.5 Sorting Some of
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14.6.1 Putting it all together Exce
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Exceptions 205 An efficient impleme
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Exceptions 207 The implementation o
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15 Dynamic memory allocation This c
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Dynamic memory allocation 211 In a
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Dynamic memory allocation 213 One w
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Dynamic memory allocation 215 15.2.
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Dynamic memory allocation 217 The p
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Dynamic memory allocation 221 A ben
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15.7 Attributes 'Access and 'Unchec
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16 Polymorphism In the processes de
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Polymorphism 229 This can be implem
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Polymorphism 231 16.2.1 Putting it
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Polymorphism 233 Figure 16.3 Hetero
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Polymorphism 235 16.5 A building in
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Polymorphism 237 An example interac
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Polymorphism 239 The conversion fro
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Polymorphism 241 Screen Observed Ob
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Polymorphism 243 The method Add_Obs
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Polymorphism 245 The functions vali
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Polymorphism 247 The driver program
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17 Containers This chapter describe
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Containers 251 This mirrors closely
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Containers 253 will produce the fol
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Containers 255 When an instance of
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Containers 257 When the iterator Co
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Containers 259 In the implementatio
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Containers 261 A deep copy of this
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Containers 263 • If the objects o
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Containers 265 17.6.1 Ada specifica
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Containers 267 The procedure Adjust
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17.7 A set Containers 269 Using as
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Containers 271 17.7.1 Putting it al
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18 Input and output This chapter de
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Input and output 275 18.2 Reading a
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Input and output 277 Then the follo
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Input and output 279 18.5 Self-asse
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Persistence 281 A program to implem
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Persistence 283 with Ada.Strings.Un
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Persistence 285 The process to add
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Persistence 287 The procedure Add u
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20 Tasks This chapter describes the
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Tasks 291 The execution of the abov
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Tasks 293 Likewise, the task Task_I
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Tasks 295 20.4 Protected type In es
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Tasks 297 The implementation of the
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Tasks 299 to the entry prevents the
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Note: 20.7.1 Accept alternative Tas
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Tasks 303 the implementation of whi
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Tasks 305 • How can a task select
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System programming 307 21.1.1 Putti
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System programming 309 The followin
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22 A text user interface This chapt
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A Text user interface 313 Note: The
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A Text user interface 315 with Clas
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A Text user interface 317 Window_St
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A Text user interface 319 The follo
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A Text user interface 321 package C
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A Text user interface 323 with Clas
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A Text user interface 325 function
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A Text user interface 327 • What
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TUI the implementation 329 23.1.1 S
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TUI the implementation 331 package
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TUI the implementation 333 23.2.4 T
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TUI the implementation 335 with Ada
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TUI the implementation 337 The Inpu
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TUI the implementation 339 procedur
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TUI the implementation 341 New_Line
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TUI the implementation 343 private
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TUI the implementation 345 The proc
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TUI the implementation 349 with Pac
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TUI the implementation 351 Method S
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TUI the implementation 355 The proc
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24 Scope of declared objects This c
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Proc_2_2 Proc_1_1 Proc_2_1 Proc_2_2
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25 Mixed language programming This
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Mixed language programming 363 3 Tr
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Mixed language programming 365 /* *
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Appendix A 367 if Temp < 15 then Pu
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Appendix A 369 package body Class_I
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Appendix B: Components of Ada B.1 R
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T'Digits The decimal precision. Uni
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Appendix B 375 access enumeration E
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Appendix B 377 B.8.2Ada information
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Appendix C 379 package Standard is
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Appendix C 381 type Character is (n
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Appendix C 383 package Ada.IO_Excep
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Appendix C 385 --Specification of l
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Appendix C 387 procedure Get(File :
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Appendix C 389 procedure Get(Item :
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Appendix C 391 package Ada.Characte
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Appendix C 393 --Conversion, Concat
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Appendix C 395 return Natural; Goin
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Appendix C 397 Right : in Bounded_S
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Appendix C 399 Count : out size_t;
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Appendix C 401 C.14 The Package Ada
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Appendix C 403 --Storage-related De
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Appendix D 405 with Ada.Text_Io; us
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Appendix D 407 with Ada.Text_Io, Ad
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Appendix D 409 package Class_Perfor
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Appendix D 411 declare Kb : constan
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Appendix D 413 package body Class_B
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Appendix D 415 The instantiation of
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Appendix D 417 with Ada.Text_Io, Ad
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References Intermetrics (1995) Ada
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Index 421 'class, 233 Class attribu
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Index 423 + dyadic, 53 monadic, 54
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Object-oriented Software in Ada 95

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